上海版牛津英语8B（试用本）教学资料

 

上海版牛津英语8B 第一章 学习辅导材料（11.01）

学 习 新 词 语

product  n.  产品    例如：

Our new product will go on the market.  我们的新产品即将上市。

 【同根词】：produce，  production

  produce  v.  生产；制造；产生   例如：

      We produce vegetables.  我们生产蔬菜。

  production   n.   生产；产生    例如：

      The production of television sets is very complex.  电视机制造非常复杂。

scientist  n. 科学家   例如：

My brother’s ambition is to be a scientist.  我兄弟的志愿是成为一名科学家。

 【同根词】：science,  scientific

  science  n.  科学     scientific  adj.  科学的   例如：

      The scientists in this university are interested in modern science and they spend most of their time on their scientific research.  

这所大学的科学家们对现代科学感兴趣，他们把大部分时间用于科学研究。

breathe  v.  呼吸  例如：

He breathed hard when he was ill yesterday.  他昨天生病时，费力地呼吸。

 【同根词】：breath,    呼吸   例如：

     Smith’s heavy breath disturbed his wife’s sleep.史密斯沉重的呼吸扰乱了他太太的睡眠。

hectare   n.  公顷   1 hectare = 10,000 square metres  (1公顷 = 10,000平方米)  例如：

That factory covers an area of 150 hectares.  那个工厂占地150 公顷。

alive  adj.（表语形容词）  活着；在世  

 【词义辨析】：alive，  living   都是“活着”的意思，用法不同。例如：

  alive 是表语形容词，一般在句子中放在系动词后面，用作表语。例如：

      I am your friend as long as I am alive.  只要我活着就是你的朋友。

  living 是定语形容词，一般在句子中放在名词前用作定语。例如：

      There are not any living things in the mountain area.在这个山区里没有任何活着的东西。

warn  v.  警告：使警惕   例如： 

Xiaofeng warned me against pickpockets.  小峰警告我要提防扒手。

 【同根词】： warning  n.  警告；警示  例如：

      There is a warning sign at the corner of the street.  街角那儿有一块警示牌。

nature  n.  自然界；大自然   例如：

I am in favour of return to nature.  我赞成回归自然。

 【同根词】：natural  adj.  自然的   例如：

      This mountain village has natural beauty.  这个山村有自然的美。

【词组】：

(be) interested in  对……感兴趣   例如：  

Are you interested in movies?  你对电影感兴趣吗？

 【词义辨析】：interested， interesting

   interested  adj.  感兴趣的。一般表示对某人或某物感兴趣。例如：

      He is interested in computers.  他对电脑感兴趣。

   interesting  adj.  有趣的；令人感兴趣的。一般表示某样事物令人感兴趣。

      He is an interesting boy.  他是个有趣的男孩。

      Chemistry is an interesting subject. All of us are interested in it.  

化学是一门有趣的学科，我们都对它感兴趣。

as well as  也，还   例如：

They study French as well as Chinese. 他们既学法语也学中文。

 【词义辨析】：as well as,  not only … but also,  both … and… 都用于连接两个相同的语法部分。

  as well as 强调的是两个相同语法部分的前者。例如：

      He can play violin as well as guitar.  他既能拉小提琴，也能弹吉他。（强调会小提琴）

  not only … but also … 强调的是两个相同语法部分的后者。例如：

      He can play not only violin but also guitar.他不仅能拉小提琴,也能弹吉他。（强调会吉他） 

  both … and … 前后两个语法部分都注重。例如：

      He can play both violin and guitar.  他能演奏小提琴和吉他。（不分前后一样重要）

air conditioner  n.  空调   例如：

    Air conditioners make us feel more comfortable in summer and winter.  

      夏天和冬天，空调使我们感到更加舒服。

one another  互相  例如：

    We must help one another and learn from one another.  我们必须互相帮助，互相学习。

 【同义词】：each other   互相；彼此

  上面一句完全可以说成：

    We must help each other and learn from each other. 

    

语 法 知 识

现在进行时

一.现在进行时表示的意义：

1.表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调动作发生的时间是此时此刻。例如；

I am reading an English book. 我正在看一本英语书。

She is watching TV. 她正在看电视。

2.表示目前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。例如：

What lessons are you studying this week? 你们本周学哪些课了？

Tom’s parents are working in China this year. 汤姆的父母今年一直在中国工作。

二.现在进行时的句子结构：

  现在进行时由“助动词be + 动词的现在分词”构成，be (am, is, are)是助动词，不做联系动词用，不解释“是”。其句子结构为：

1.肯定句由“主语 + be + v.-ing + 其他”构成。例如：

I am cleaning the classroom. 我正在打扫教室。

They are playing the piano.

2. 否定句由“主语 + be + not + v.-ing + 其他”构成。例如：

He is not watching TV. 他没在看电视。

They are not writing. 他们没在写东西。

3. 一般疑问句由“Be + 主语 + v.-ing + 其他？”构成， 其肯定答句为“Yes, 主语 + be”否定答句为“No, 主语 + be + not”。例如：

—Is she listening to the music? 她正在听音乐吗？

—Yes, she is. / no, she isn’t. 是的，她在听。/ 不，她不在听。

—Are they running? 他们正在跑步吗？

—Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.  是的，他们在跑。/  不，他们不在跑。

4. 特殊疑问句由“特殊疑问词 + be + 主语 + v.-ing + 其他？”构成。例如：

What are you doing? 你们正在做什么？

Who is he talking to? 他正在和谁谈话？

三.现在分词的构成：  

1.直接在动词原形末尾加-ing。例如：

    teach—teaching    play—playing    look—looking    go—going

2.以不发音的字母e 结尾的动词，先去掉e 再加-ing。例如：

write—writing    take—taking    live—living    give—giving 

3.以重读闭音节结尾的动词，且末尾只有一个辅音字母时，应双写该辅音字母再加-ing。例如：put—putting    run—running    begin—beginning    swim—swimming 

四.现在进行时的标志：

1.句中有副词now时，，常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：

    The children are playing football now. 孩子们现在正在踢足球。

2.句首有look, listen 提醒注意时，提示我们动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：

    Look! A train is coming. 看！火车来了。

    Listen! He is reading. 听！他正在朗读。

3.句首有表示钟点的时间时，提示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：

    It’s six o’clock. My mother is cooking breakfast. 现在六点了，我妈妈正在做早餐。

4.根据语境或上下文理解，如果是动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：

    Don’t make noise. The baby is sleeping. 不要吵，婴儿正在睡觉。

五.没有进行时态的动词：

   在英语中有一些动词没有或很少有进行时态。 到目前为止，我们学过的没有进行时态的动词可分为以下几类：

  1. 表示感觉的感官动词，如see“看见”，hear“听见”，find “找到”，notice“留意”等。

     例如：Do you hear the noise of a plane？ 你听到飞机的声音了吗？

        We see him. 我们看见他了。

    注意：有些表示感观的动词，如listen to, look at强调的是听和看的动作，而不是结果，所以可用于现在进行时态中。例如：

      They are listening to the teacher. 他们在听老师讲课。

  2.表示态度和感情，心理状态等意思的动词，如like“喜欢”，love “爱”，know “知道”，want“想要”，hope“希望”，hate“恨”，think“认为”，believe“相信”等。例如：   

    I like dog. 我喜欢狗。

    I want to go out for a walk now. 我现在想出去散步。

  3.当have, has 表示“拥有”时。例如：

    I have a lot of books. 我有许多本书。

    注意：当have, has 表示“吃饭；开会；玩得痛快”等意思时，可用于进行时态。例如：

      We are having a good time. 我们玩得很愉快。

  4. 表示状态的be动词“是”。例如：

    He is at home. 他在家里。

六.现在进行时和一般现在时的区别：

  1.时间状语：

  （1）一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态，强调的是经常性和习惯性，通常与always, often, sometimes, usually 等频度副词以及in the day, in the morning / afternoon / evening, on Sundays, at weekends 等短语连用。例如：

      My father often reads books after dinner. 我父亲经常饭后看书。

  （2）现在进行时表示讲话时或目前一段时间内正在发生的事情，通常与now, these days, at this time 等时间状语连用。例如：

      He is playing the piano now. 他现在正在弹钢琴。

      Look! They are watching TV. 看！他们正在看电视。

    2.谓语动词：

    （1）一般现在时谓语动词的构成有三种情况：be动词用am, is, are；实意动词用原形或第三人称单数形式；情态动词 + 动词原形。例如：

        My brother is a policeman. 我的哥哥是一名警察。（be动词用is）

        She doesn’t wear a white uniform.她不穿白色工作服。（实意动词用单数第三人称形式）

      He can speak English. 他会说英语。（情态动词 + 动词原形）

  （2）现在进行时的谓语动词构成为：be (am, is, are) + v.-ing 。例如： 

      Are you cleaning the classroom? 你正在打扫教室吗？

      She is eating dinner. 她正在吃饭。

相 关 练 习 题

填空：1. Now the students each ________ an English-Chinese dictionary. (have)

      2. —What is Mum doing now?  —She________ some clothes. (wash)

      3. —Whose watch is lost? —Mr. Smith’s. Look! He ________ it everywhere. (look for)

      4. —Cindy, dinner is ready. Where’s John? —He ________ homework in his room. (do)

      5. Don’t turn on the TV. Grandma ________ now. (sleep)

自学题

1. How many kinds of pollution do you know?

a)___________ b)__________ c) ________________ 

2. Think up some ways of fighting pollution:

a)________________________________________________________________

b)________________________________________________________________

c)________________________________________________________________

d)_________________________________________________________________

e)_________________________________________________________________

……

3. What can we get from trees and that we use ,eat, drink or wear in our daily lives?

a) use:_____________________________________________________________________

b) eat:_____________________________________________________________________

c) drink:___________________________________________________________________

d) wear:____________________________________________________________________

4. When is Tree-planting Day in China? Do you know any other countries’?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. 各个击破：

Words(单词)

1). 熟读课文中出现的新单词，掌握其音、形、义、；类及其搭配。

2). 查词典，了解下列词的意思,主要搭配,及抄下至少一个例句。

communicate  __________, ___________________________________________

hardly   __________, _______________________________________________

interview  __________, _____________________________________________

protect _________, _________________________________________________

release _________, _________________________________________________

pure _________, ___________________________________________________

3). 找出符合下列意思的单词.

n___________  made by nature, not by man

n___________  unpleasant

sip___________  drink in small amounts

o___________  a life-giving gas found in air

a c________   something produced by chemistry

h_________  area of 10,000 square metres

w________ say that something bad or dangerous may happen

3. 重难点突破

Phrases(短语)把握下列短语.

be interested in _______________

in danger ___________________

cut down ____________________

let out  ____________________

belong to ______________________

on earth _______________________

keep…alive _______________________

communicate with _______________________

protect oneself_______________________

4. 合作探究

Read Protecting our environment “pollution fighters” first. Discuss what you can learn from the text in groups. Judy is collecting information for a project on pollution. What does she learn?

P1-2: _________________________________________________________________________

P3-12:________________________________________________________________________

P13-14:_______________________________________________________________________

P15-16:_______________________________________________________________________

5. 训练巩固 

 A. Fill in the blanks with correct words.

The old man is so weak. He can_______stand.

The new park covered an area of six _________.

At the top of high mountains, there is very little __________ in the air.

I must _______you not to go out. There is a storm coming.

This country has few _________ resources.

The farmer used a ________ to kill the insects in their fields.

7. These days we can _______________with pen-friends by e-mails.

8. The TV progarmme _____________ a famous film director about his latest film.

9. There’s a _________smell coming from the dustbin.

10. The water in the stream was not polluted. It was _________.

11. The police ________ some prisoners last year.

12. He forgot to turn off the air conditioner, so it was ________ all night.

B. Do Part D. Find the facts by yourselves.

C. Do Part E Read and think

6. 拓展延伸

 In groups, make your own poster about trees and the benefits of trees. Put it up in your classroom or school. Let everyone know the importance of protecting trees.

Assignments:

  1. remember the new phrases.   2. Search and get more information about the benefits of trees.

课后测评题

Ⅰ.Choose the best answer

1. We should have ________ fast food, ________ fresh vegetables and take enough exercise.

A. fewer, fewer    B. less, more    C. fewer, more    D. less, less

2. This cup of water is very hot. You can only ________, or you will be hurt.

A. eat    B. drink    C. sip    D. have

3. Students will make great progress if they ________ a subject. 

A. are interested in    B. are interesting    C. are interested    D. are interesting in

4. The index page of a book usually comes ________.

A. at the beginning of a book    B. in the middle of a book    

C. at the end of a book    D. at the bottom of each page

5. Don’t ________ him ________ into the forest. We are not allowed ________ the big trees. 

A. let, goes, cut down    B. let, go, to cut down    

C. lets, goes, cuts down    D. lets, to go, cut down

6. Have you finished your ________ homework?

A. chemical    B. chemistry    C chemical’s    D. chemistry’s

7. I ________ you again. 

A. warned    B. warn    C. won’t warn    D. am warning

8. They were warned ________ the mountain in such bad weather.

A. to climb    B. not to climb    C. climbing    D. not climbing

9. The room is ________ small ________ hold so many people. 

A. so, that    B. too, to    C. very, to    D. enough, to  

10.Her mother asked her where ________ holidays.

A. did you spend    B. you spent your    C. she spent her    D. did she spend

Ⅱ.Choose the words or expressions which are closest in meaning to underlined parts 

A. almost no     B. think it is true    C. quite a lot    D. drink in small amount of            E. unpleasant     F. made by nature     G. working 



1. Doctor Ray is a scientist about trees. We suppose she knows everything about trees.

2. My watch isn’t running well. 

3. There is hardly any chance that we will win the football match. 

4. The tea was so hot that she could not drink it fast, so she had to sip it.

5. I don’t like the cheese with the nasty smell.

Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box in their p-roper forms

healthy   chemistry   pollution   communication   warn   dangerous   nature







1. He drove so fast that I really felt my life was in _________. 

2. Water is one kind of the ________ elements.

3. The workers used a ________ to kill mice in the factory.

4. The Japanese can not speak English. Would you please use Japanese to ________ with them?

5. There is a ________ before the film in each DVD.

6. We must stop that factory from ________ the river as soon as possible.

Ⅳ. Rewrite the sentence as required 

1. Trees are communicating with one another.  （ 改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答）

  ________ ________ communicating with one another? Yes, ________ ________.

2. Judy is interviewing Doctor Ray.  （改为否定句）

  Judy ________ ________ Doctor Ray. 

3. Scientists are only now beginning to understand trees.  (对划线部分提问)

  ________ ________ scientists only now beginning to ________?

4. We are destroying our best fighters against pollution. （对划线部分提问）

  ________ ________ you ________?

Ⅴ. Reading comprehension

A

A plant makes its own food in its leaves. Water comes to the leaves through the roots. Air goes into the leaves through very small holes. The green coloring in the leaves uses the water and air to make the food for the plant. It also needs sunshine because a plant can make food only when the sun is shining. 

Animals and people could not live without green plants. They both eat plants. People and some animals also eat the meat of some animals and these animals eat plants. 

T and F

 1. A plant gets food from its roots.

 2. A plant has very small holes in its leaves for air to come in.  

 3. A plant can make its food when it is cloudy. 

 4. Water comes into a plant through its roots. 

 5. People could live without plants. 

B

Deserts do not stay the same size. Sometimes they grow bigger. Sometimes they get smaller. The world’s biggest desert, the Sahara, is in Africa. Right now, the Sahara Desert is growing fast.

Why is the Sahara growing? In some places, people farm too much. In other places, animals eat all the grass. Or，people cut down the trees. This makes the soil weak. Weak soil lets the desert grow.

Why is it a problem? People cannot grow food in the desert. People cannot built houses, hospitals, or schools in the desert. So, people must leave their homes. They must live somewhere else. 

What can people do? They can plant trees. They can also farm less. These things make the soil stronger. Maybe the Sahara will stop growing. It’s a big problem. Many people must work together to solve it.    

T and F

 6. The size of the deserts stay the same all the time.

 7. One of the reasons for the growing of Sahara is farming too much.

 8. Deserts make trouble for people.

 9. Planting trees can help people farm less. 

 10. Stopping the growing desert is not a big problem. 



上海版牛津英语 8B 第二章 学习辅导材料

学 习 新 词 语

daily   adv.  每天（every day）   例如：

I want to study English well, so I have to practise it daily.  

我想学好英语，因此我必须每天练习。

He plays football daily.   他每天都踢足球。

  daily  adj.  每日的；日常的    n.  日报    例如：

      There are great changes in their daily lives.  他们的日常生活有巨大的变化。

      This is a People’s Daily.  这是一份《人民日报》。

increase  v.  （使）增加   例如：

The wheat production increased a great deal this year.  今年的小麦产量大幅度增加。

We have increased the price of paper. 我们提高了纸张的价格。

 【反义词】： decrease  v.  减少   例如：

      The population in Germany decreased last year.  去年德国的人口减少了。

      Your hunger decreases as you eat.  你的饥饿感在你吃饭时会渐渐消失。

impatient  adj.  不耐烦的  例如：

She is becoming impatient.  她变得着急起来。

 【同根词】：patient;  impatient;  patience 

1.patient  adj.  有耐心的, 例如：

She is so kind and always patient with those naughty children. 

她对这些淘气的孩子们是如此的和蔼，有耐心。

2.impatient  adj.  angry at having to wait 不耐烦的，急躁的，例如：

As a nursery teacher, you mustn’t be impatient with the children. 

作为幼儿园教师，你不该对孩子急躁。

3. patience  n.  容忍；耐心，例如：

I have no patience with him again. 我对他不再有耐心了。

comfortably  adv.  舒服地   例如：

He is sitting comfortably in that armchair.  他舒服地坐在那把扶手椅子里。

【同根词】：comfort;  comfortable;  comfortably 

1. comfort  v. 安慰；鼓舞   n. 安乐；舒适；安逸，例如：

He lives in comfort. 他过得很舒服。（n.）

I found comfort in his words. 我从他的话中得到了安慰。（n.）

She comforted the sick child. 她安慰这个生病的孩子。（v.）

2. comfortable  adj.  舒适的，舒服的，例如：

She lives a comfortable life.  她过着舒适的生活。

3. comfortably  adv.  with no pain or worry  舒适地，安乐地

pump  1. v.  push by machine (用泵）抽，抽吸；打气，例如：

The villagers had pumped the well dry and could get no more water. 

 村民们已把水井抽干了，再也抽不出水来了。

He pumped up his tires. 他给车胎打足了气。

2. n. 泵；水泵，例如：

They are watering the fields with many pumps. 他们正用许多泵浇灌着田地。

freeze  v.  （froze  frozen   freezing）

1. stop moving suddenly (突然停止，惊呆)，例如：

Fear made him freeze in his tracks. 恐惧使他突然停止前进。

He froze in front of the audience. 他在观众面前吓呆了。

2. 冷冻，冷藏（食物），例如：

Not all fruit and vegetables freeze well. 并非所有的水果和蔬菜都适合冷藏。

plant  n.  1. building with machines in it 工厂，车间， 例如：

When the plant closed down, many factory workers lost their jobs. 

工厂关门了，很多工人失业了。

2. 植物，例如：

Trees and vegetables are plants. 树木和蔬菜是植物。

【词义辨析】： 

speed;  hurry 

1. speed  v. (sped  sped  speeding)  move quickly 指快速运动或行动。例如：

The ambulance sped to the hospital. 救护车快速开往医院。

He was arrested for speeding. 他因超速行车而被捕。

The train sped through the countryside. 火车从乡间飞驰而过。

Postal workers labored overtime to speed delivery of the Christmas mail.

邮政工人加班加点已加速圣诞期间新信件的发送。

2. hurry  v.  move or do sth. quickly or too quickly  意指比通常快得多的速度，经常伴随着混乱或骚动。例如：

      If you don’t hurry, you’ll miss the plane. 如果你不迅速些，你将会错过班机了。

      Don’t let anyone hurry you into making a decision you’ll regret later.

        不要在任何人的催促下作出你以后会为之后悔的决定。 

reply;  answer （v. & n.）

1. reply 和answer 都表示“回答”，都可以做名词和动词。answer 为一般用语；reply 的用法比较正式，多用于经过深思熟虑后对对方问题和论点作出解释、辩论或陈述性回答。这两个词在做名词时都可以与to连用，指“……的答案或答复”。answer 较常用，如：answer a question ( the door bell, the phone, the letter, etc.) 例如：

      He has answered my letter. (此句仅表明他回了我的信，说明他已经收到我的信。)                                      

Answer this question. 回答这个问题。（动词）

I asked her the reason, but she didn’t reply. 我问她原因，她却没有回答。(动词)

I received no reply / answer to my request. 我的要求没有得到任何答复。（名词）

They did not reply to our new suggestion. 他们对我们的新建议没有作出答复。(动词)

I had no reply to my letter. 我没收到回信。（名词）

2. answer 是及物动词，后面可直接跟宾语；而reply是不及物动词，跟宾语须与to连用；answer 可表示对电话、敲门等作出的应答，而reply则没有这种用法。例如：

      He has replied to my letter. （此句表明他将我信中的问题都一一回答了。）

You must reply to / answer this letter right away. 你必须马上回复这封信。

Who answered the telephone? 谁接的电话？

如果是指练习题的“答案”，一般用answer。例如：

The answer to 6 multiplying 10 is 60.  六乘以十的答案是六十。

五.常用词组：

vanish  v.  disappear  消失，突然不见， 常用词组有：

vanish into thin air 消失不见                   vanish from sight 消失不见 

vanish in darkness  在黑暗中消失              vanish into nothing  化为乌有

reply  v. &  n. 常用词组有：

in reply (to) 为答复……；作为对……的答复    make (no) reply (不)作答复

reply for sb. 代表某人作答辩 / 答谢祝酒        reply to 回答；答复

look  v.  use one’s sight; turn the eyes in some direction; try to see 看；视；望。常用词组有：

look around 四周环顾                     look round  环视

 look at  看，朝……看                    look after  照料，照顾

look back  （与on, to连用）回想，想起    look down on 轻视，看不起

look for  寻找                           look forward to 盼望，期待

look like 看起来像                       look on / upon 看作

look out 注意，小心                      look out of  朝……外看

look over  翻阅，浏览                    look through  从头看完，透视

look up  在书中查到，查阅（词典）       look up and down  上下打量

finish with  以……为结束，例如：

He finished with the work.  他以这项工作做为结束。

He finished the performance with a song.  他以一首歌曲结束表演。

remember not to do sth.  记得不要做某事，例如：

You must remember not to pollute the water.  你们必须记住，不能把水污染了。

Remember not to make the same mistake again.  记住不要再犯相同的错误了。

mean by ... 意思是，例如：

What do you mean by saying that?  你那样说是什么意思？

语 法 知 识

一.句型  It is + adj. + for sb. (of sb.) to do sth. （对事加以评论 / 对人加以评论）

不定式短语作主语时,常用形式主语it来代替,而真正的主语放在句子的谓语后面。例如：

It is difficult for you to read through this book a week or so.

  对你来说一星期左右看完这本书有困难。

It is useful for you to learn how to use the computer.  学习使用计算机对你有好处。

It was brave of you to go into the burning building to save the child. 

  你冲入火场救那个孩子，真勇敢。

It’s necessary for us to learn English today.  现在对我们来讲，学英语非常重要。

二.（a）few 和（a）little 的用法

1. (a) few 用在可数名词n..[C]之前，(a) little 用在不可数名词n.[U]之前。例如：

He took a few biscuits.  (a few = several)  他拿了几块饼干。

He took few biscuits.  (few = not many)  他拿的饼干不多。

He took a little butter. (a little = some)  他拿了点黄油。

He took little butter. (little = not much)  他拿的黄油不多。

2. few 可由hardly any 或almost no 所替代，含否定的意味。例如：

    The composition is well written; it has few mistakes. = The composition is well written; it has hardly any mistakes. 这篇作文很好写，几乎没有多少错误。

    Few men can solve it. = Almost no men can solve it.  几乎没有人能解决它。

3. a few相当于some, several, 含肯定的意味。例如：

    He has a few friends. = He has some friends. = He has several friends.  他有一些朋友。

4. a little 和little之间的差别，就和a few 和few的差别一样，只是(a) little 修饰不可数名词,表量或程度。例如：

He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.  他病情恶化了，恢复的希望很小了。

    He is not much better, but there is a little hope. 他病情不是那么好，但是有点希望。

三.其它的数量形容词

1. plenty of, a lot of, lots of 都表示许多，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。例如：

    The room contained plenty of / a lot of / lots of students.  这个房间容纳了许多学生。（students是复数名词）

    The room contained plenty of / a lot of / lots of furniture. 这个房间容纳了许多家具。(furniture 是不可数名词)

2. a great deal of, a good deal of, a large quantity of, a small quantity of, a large amount of, a small

amount of 均表量，修饰不可数名词。例如：

The room contained a large quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)

The room contained a large amount of furniture. (不可数名词)

The room contained a small quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)

The room contained a small amount of furniture. (不可数名词)

3. a number of “许多；一些”；a great number of, a large number of, a good number of “许多”，修饰复数可数名词，并且要与复数动词连用。例如：

A number of books are missing from the library.  图书馆的许多书丢失了。

The number of books from the library is large.  图书馆的图书数量很大。

[the number of  + 复数名词 + 单数(be)动词]

The room contained a great / large / good / number of students. （复数可数名词）

  这个房间容纳了许多学生。

相 关 练 习 题

1. —If there are ________ people driving, there will be ________ air pollution.

   —Yes, the air will be fresher.

  A. less; less    B. less; fewer    C. fewer; fewer    D. fewer; less 

2. —Shall we leave now?  —Don’t hurry. We still have ________ time left.

  A. little    B. a little    C. few    D. a few  

3. —Would you like some milk in your tea?  —Yes, please. But just ________.

  A. little    B. a little    C. a few    D. few    

4. There’s ________ milk at home. We have to buy some this afternoon.

  A. a little    B. little    C. a few    D. few

5. —Oh, dear. We have ________ food left. What should we do?  

—Don’t worry. I’ll go and buy some.

  A. a few    B. a little    C. few    D. little

 

自学练习题

I. 根据汉语提示写单词

1. You should dress neatly and _________. （整洁地）

2. We will _______ （举行）a sports meeting next Monday.

3. They _________ （选举）me to be the president of the students’ Union yesterday.

4. Newspaper remain ___________ (受欢迎的) because they give the news in more details than either radios or TVs.

5. Who won the _________（ 竞赛）, do you know??

II. 句型转换

1. They work hard to get more money.

_____________ __________ they work hard? (就画线部分提问)

2. My mother will visit England next week.

__________ __________ your mother visit next week? (就画线部分提问)

3. You ought to be more careful.

You ________ ________ to be more careful. 

4.They should finish their homework first.

________ ________ finish their homework first. (改为一般疑问句)

5.The match between China and Korea couldn’t go on because it was raining heavily. 

The match between China and Korea couldn’t go on _______ ______ the heavy rain. (改为同义句)?

III. 选择填空

1. They all have _______.

A. the different ideas??????????? B. different ideas

C. the different idea???????????? D. different idea

2. The visitors _____ our school in two days.

A. came to?? B. will come to?? C. come to??? D. has come to

3. ---____do you see a film?

??? ---Once a week.

??? A. How far??? B. How long??? C. How soon??? D. How often

4. We can find_____ students in the classroom now. They are playing on the playground.

??? A. much??? B. few??? C. a little??? D. little

5. They want him _______the chief speaker.

??? A. to be??? B. be??? C. being??? D. is 

6. You must _______for the lost books.

??? A. pay??? B. cost??? C. spend??? D. take 

7. ---What happened _______you? You don’t look fine.

??? ---I have a cold.

?  A. in??? B. on??? C. from??? D. to 

8. You may go to the police and _______help.

??? A .ask??? B. ask for??? C. asking??? D. to ask for 

9.Can she do her homework by ______?? 

??? A. himself?????? B. ourselves??????? C. herself???????? D. themselves

10. Have you finished _________ the picture?

??? A. draw???????? B. to draw??????? C. drew?????? D. drawing

 

 

课 后 测 试 题

Ⅰ.Choose the best answer （选择最佳的答案）：

1. The girl at the ________ desk gave the tourists their room keys.

  A. report    B. refrigerator    C. reception    D. receiver

2. It’s already 8 o’clock in the morning. It’s time ________ to school.

  A. for    B. to go    C. for go    D. going 

3. Sometimes we change ice into a liquid. We ________ water. 

  A. call it    B. call    C. are call it    D. called

4. Water poured ________ the sink an vanished ________ the drain.

  A. in; into    B. into; up    C. into; down    D. on; down   

5. We can save electricity by _______ the lights before we leave the flat. 

  A. turn on    B. turning on    C. turn off    D. turning off 

6. I saw a car _______ away just now. 

  A. speeds    B. sped    C. speeding    D. was speeding 

7. I ________ here ________ the end of the month. 

  A. won’t stay; until    B. will stay; until    C. will leave; until    D. left; until

8. It’s important ________ us ________ English well.

  A. for; to study    B. for; studying    C. of; to study    D. of; studying 

9. I think health is ________ than money.

  A. precious    B. valuable    C. more valuable   D. valuable

10. There is only ________ bread left.

  A. little    B. a little    C. few    D. a few 

11. It’s wrong to ________ dirty water into the river.

  A. bring    B. take    C. pour    D. rush

12. Mr Back needs ________ money to buy a new flat.

  A. great amounts of    B. quite a lot    C. a great amount of    D. a large number of 

13. A small goldfish ________ about a gram.

  A. weigh    B. weight    C. weighs     D. weights 

14. It’s already 11:30 p.m. It’s time ________.

  A. to bed    B. for go to sleep    C. to asleep    D. for bed

15. It’s not ________ for us to work out 100 maths problems in an hour.

  A. difficult    B. important    C. interesting    D. easy

16. I think health is ________ than beauty.

  A. less important    B. more precious    C. as important    D. much precious

17. The population of China has ________ these years.

  A. increases    B. decreases    C. increased    D. decreased

18. It’s so cold today that there are ________ in the pool.

  A. a few swimmers    B. few swimmer    C. a little swimmers    D. few swimmers 

 

Ⅱ.Replace the words underlined in the sentences with the words given in the box (选择与下列各句中画线部分意思相近的单词) ：       

 A. vanished   B. moved fast   C. pump   D. in addition   E. Be impatient   F. precious



1. After giving three wishes to the poor man, the god disappeared.

2. We take the water from the river which runs under the hill by machine.

3. The water sped down the mountain into the river.  

4. Today is my birthday, my father gives me a book about how to learn better as a gift. I think it’s a valuable present.

5. Learning is a thing which need you get deep into, be quietly, my boy. Don’t be angry to do so.

6. He grows flowers as well as vegetables.

 

Ⅲ.Fill in the blanks with the given words in their proper forms （用所给单词的适当形式填空）：

1. What ________ (freeze) weather we’ve got today!

2. She’s such a nice and ________ (patience) lady that we all like her. 

3. We cleaned our ________ (chemical) lab yesterday afternoon.

4. How ________ (excite) the children were when they got the second prize!

5. The ________ (police) over there go to work very early every day.

6. I’m ________ (true) sorry.

 

Ⅳ.Rewrite the sentences as required （按要求改写句子）：

1. You must do some reading every morning. （保持原意不变）

  It is ________ for you ________ ________ some reading every morning.

2. ‘Do your homework right now,’ a voice said loudly. （保持原意不变）

  ‘Do your homework immediately,’ he said ________ a loud ________.

3. My grandma said to me, ‘The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.’（改成宾语从句）

  My grandma ________ me ________ the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 

 

Ⅴ.Reading comprehension （阅读理解）：

Put an ice cube from your fridge into a glass of water. You have a piece of string 10 centimeters long. The problem is to take out that piece of ice with the help of the string. But you must not touch the ice with your fingers.

You may ask your friends to try to do that when you are having dinner together. There is a saltcellar on the table. You must use salt when you carry out this experiment.

First you put the string across the piece of ice. Then put some salt on the ice. Salt makes ice melt. The ice round the string will begin to melt. But when it melts, it will lose heat. The cold ice cube will make the salt water freeze again.

After a minute or two you may raise your piece of ice!

This experiment can be very useful to you. If, for example, there is ice near the door of your house, you must use very much salt to melt all the ice. If you put enough salt, the water will freeze again.

1. We must use ________ when we carry out this experiment.

  A. a fridge    B. some food    C. a table    D. some salt

2. How long will it take to carry out this experiment?

  A. More than three minutes.    B. Five minutes or so.    C. Only one or two minutes.

  D. About ten minutes.

3. What is the purpose of this experiment?

  A. Put the ice cube into the glass of water with the help of the string.

  B. Take out the ice cube in the glass of water with the help of the string.

  C Take out the ice cube in the glass of water with your fingers.

  D. Put some salt on the ice cube and then put the string across it.

4. How many things at least are used in this experiment?

  A. Three.    B. Four.   C. Six.    D. Seven.

5. We can learn something about ________ from the passage.

  A. physics and biology    B. biology and science    C. chemistry and biology    

  D. physics and chemistry  

 

Ⅵ.Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words （用适当的单词填空，完成短文）： 

90% of the water on the Earth that human being can drink right now is underground. It is very easy to pollute ____1____. For example, 4.5 liters of paint can seep（渗入）into the earth and ____2____ 1,125,000 liters of drinking water. 

If you leave the water ____3____ while you wash the dishes, you can waste 135 liters of water—enough to ____4____ 65 cans of soft drink.

____5____ it or not, the water we flush down our toilet starts as fresh water! ____6____ time you flush, your toilet uses about 22.5 to 31.5 liters of water which does not have to.

上海版牛津英语8B 第三章 学习辅导材料

学 习 新 词 语

一.同根词

serve;  service;  servant:

serve  v. 意为：“为…服务；待客”。例如：

They served the guests a wonderful dinner. 他们以盛宴招待客人们。

Service  n. 意为“服务”。例如：

The train service to the capital is very good. 去首都的火车服务设施非常好。

Servant  n. 意为“仆人；佣人”。例如：

Fire and water may be good servants, but bad masters.(谚语)水火是忠仆，用之不慎成灾主。

A politician should be a servant of the people. 政治家应当是人民的公仆。

electric;  electrician;  electricity:

electric  adj. 意为“发电的；由电产生的；电动的”。例如：

They build electric automobiles.  他们制造电动汽车。

electrician  n. 意为“电工”。例如：

Master Wang is an electrician. 王师傅是电工。

electricity  n. 意为：“电”。例如：

The power station supplies electricity to this area. 这个点站供应这个区域的电。

explain;  explanation:  

explain  v. 意为 “解释；说明”。例如：

    Can you explain why you were late?  你能解释一下你为什么迟到吗？  

explanation  n. 意为“解释；解说；说明”。例如：

    The only explanation for his behaviour is that he is mad.对他行为的唯一解释就是他疯了。

visible;  vision； invisible:

visible  adj. 意为“看得见的；显著的；明显的”。例如：

Air isn’t a visible object.  空气不是可见物体。

vision  n. 意为“视力”。例如：

She has good vision. 她的视力很好。

invisible  adj.  意为“看不见的；无形的”。例如：

When I called, their head was invisible.  我去拜访时，他们的负责人没有露面。

二.词义辨析：

contain  hold:

contain和hold都有“包含；容纳”的意思。

contain 着重“其中确实包含有”。例如：

The bottle contains water. 这个瓶子里有水。

hold 指“能容纳”，现在有没有不一定。例如;

The house holds 20 people. 这房子能住下二十个人。

三.常用词组：

trick out of  意为“骗走；恶作剧”。例如：

His partner tried to trick him out of his money. 他的合伙人企图骗走他的钱财。(此句trick作动词) 

注意： trick 也可以作名词，意为“诡计；骗术；花招”。例如：

The children played a trick on their brother. 孩子们捉弄了他们的兄弟。

She got the money from him by a trick.  她用计谋从他那儿得到了那笔钱。

magic trick 意为“魔术”。例如：I can do magic trick. 我会玩魔术。

flow  v.  意为“流动”。例如：

The cars flowed in a steady stream along the main road. 汽车在主干道上不停地驶过。

flow 的常用搭配有：flow away 流走；流逝    flow down 流下   flow into 流入

例如：Time flows away quickly. 时光飞逝。

      Waterfall flows down to the bottom of the hill. 瀑布飞流直下到山脚。

      Rivers flow into the sea.  江河流入海中。

 

语 法 知 识

情态动词的基本用法

1. 情态动词can/ could 的用法

  表示“能力；许可；可能性”等，在口语中可以代替may表示许可，而may比较正式。could 为can的过去式，可以表示语气较委婉，用于否定句中，表示推测，“不可能”之意。例如：Many people can use the computer now, but we couldn’t ten years ago. 

现在许多人能使用电脑，但十年前我们不能。

2. 情态动词would和should的用法

（1）情态动词would是will的过去式，表示的语气比较缓和、委婉。例如：

Would you please pass me the salt? 

请递给我盐好吗？(表示语气委婉，希望得到对方的肯定回答) 

I would like / love to help you. 我愿意帮助你。（表示缓和）

（2）should 表示义务，可用于各种句式，通常指将来。例如：

You should do what your teacher tells you. 你应该照你老师的话办。

He should do some work, but he doesn’t want to. 他应该做些工作，但是他不想做。

用于第一人称疑问句，表示征询意见。例如：

Should I open the window? 我可以开窗户吗？

3. may 和might的用法

（1）情态动词may是现在时，might 是may的过去式，表示“许可”或征求对方意见。表示“可以”之意时，用may,它的否定形式是may not , 表示“不可以；禁止；阻止”等意思时，常用must not / mustn’t 代替may not。例如：

You may go home now. 你现在可以回家了。

—May I watch TV after super, Mum？ 妈妈，晚饭后我可以看电视吗？

—Yes ,you may.  /  No, you mustn’t.  /  No, you may not.  /  No, you’d better not.

  是的，你可以。  不，你不可以。    不，你不可以。     不，你最好不。

We may have a lot of work to do. 我们可能有许多工作要做。

（2）might为may的过去式，它表示“可能”时，其含义更不确定。例如：

He might be ill. 他也许生病了吧。

My brother might come here soon. 我哥哥也许马上就会来这里。

4. must 的用法

  must 表示“必须；应该”，否定式为must not / mustn’t,表示“不应该；不许可；不准；禁止”等。在回答带有must的问句时，否定式常用needn’t / need not 或don’t have to, 表示“不必”，而不用must not / mustn’t。例如：

You mustn’t speak like this. 你不应该这样说话。

—Must I stay here now? 我现在必须呆在这儿吗？

—Yes, you must.  /  No, you needn’t.  /  No, you don’t have to. 

  是，你必须。     不，不必。        不，你不一定要去。

情态动词用法的基本练习

1. —May I take my pet dog with me into the cinema? —The rule says no. So you ________.

  A. can    B. mustn’t    C. may    D. needn’t

2. We hope that as many people as possible ________ join us for the charity show tomorrow. 

  A. need    B. can    C. must    D. should

3. —Must I get up early tomorrow?  —No, ________.

  A. you mustn’t    B. I don’t think you have to    C. you can’t    D. you need

4. —May I play computer games, mum?  —No. You ________ finish your homework first.

  A. will    B. can    C. would    D. must

5. —Let’s go to the concert tonight, Michael!  

—Sorry, I ________ . I have to help my mother with the housework. 

  A. mustn’t    B. may not    C. needn’t    D. can’t

6. —Can you finish the work in two days?  —Sorry, I ________. My computer doesn’t work.

  A. don’t    B. can’t    C. mustn’t    D. needn’t 

7. —________ you speak Japanese?  —No, I can’t.

  A. Can    B. Must    C. May    D. Should

8. If the traffic light is red, you ________ cross the road. It’s very dangerous.

  A. don’t    B. mustn’t    C. needn’t    D. wouldn’t    

9. —May I use your ruler?  —________.

  A. Yes, please    B. You are nice    C. It doesn’t matter    D. It was a pleasure 

宾 语 从 句

一、当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：

She said that she would leave the message on the headmaster's desk.  

He said that he could finish his work before supper.

二、当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：

  Alice wanted to know if/whether her grandmother liked the bag.

I don't know whether he'll come the day after tomorrow.

但直接与or not连用时,往往用whether如：

  Let me know whether he will come or not.(= Let me know whether or not he will come )

  I don't know whether he does any washing or not.(= I don't know whether or not he does any washing. )

I wonder whether we stay or whether we go.

三、如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的疑问词引导。如：

  Could you tell me where we will have the meeting this afternoon?

I don't know who bought the present for me. Is it Jack?

              

宾语从句是初中阶段一个非常重要的语法项目。宾语从句也是历年全国各地中考必考项目之一,考查点涉及到"语序"、"时态"、"引导词"三个要素。而宾语从句的时态。语序是中考题的热点。

宾语从句热点问题：

①宾语从句一般要用陈述句语序,即主语之后接谓语动词?例如:Can you find out where he lives(不说where does he live)。

②主句谓语动词为一般过去时,则宾语从句通常要用过去的某种时态。不过,若宾语从句所叙述的是客观事实,普遍真理,自然现象等时,要用一般现在时.例如:Our teacher said light travels faster than sound.

③连词that引导由陈述句充当的宾语从句,that在句中不充当任何成分,在口语和非正式文体中常可省略;

④主句谓语是一般现在时,宾语从句可根据需要使用任何时态。例如:Nobody knows where he was born.没有人知道他出生在哪儿。

⑤主句谓语动词是guess, think或believe等,且主句主语是第一人称时,从句的否定概念一般要转移到主句中去,即"否定转移"。例如:I don't think he is a good student. (不说I think he isn't a good student.)我认为他不是个好学生。

⑥不少中考题是将两类从句(宾语从句与状语从句的区别)综合起来考查的。这时要注意:

A.从句式看,宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后,而状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面;

B.从引导词看,if充当宾语从句的引导词时,相当于whether,词义为"是否";充当从属连词,引导条件状语从句时,词义为"如果"。when充当宾语从句的连接词时,词义为"什么时候";充当从属连词,引导时间状语从句时,词义为"当……的时候"。

C.从时态看,if和when作连接词,引导宾语从句时,其谓语动词的时态应根据主句的谓语动词的时态作相应的变化;if和when充当从属连词,引导表示将来动作或状态的条件状语从句或时间状语从句时,若主句中的谓语动词用了一般将来时,则从句中的谓语动词通常用一般现在时表示将来。

例如:1. I don't know if it will rain tomorrow. 2. If it rains, I will not go fishing.

专项精选试题

1 The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them. 

A. took B. take C. takes D. will take

2 Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou. 

A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been

3 .The students want to know whether they___ dictation today. 

A. had B. has C. will have D. are

4 She asked Linda if___ go and get some. 

A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may

5 Linda said the moon___ round the earth. 

A. traveled B. has traveled C. travels D. had traveled

6. Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty? 

A. who B. what C. when D. that

7. I don't know ___ they have passed the exam. 

A. what B. if C. when D. where

8. I hardly understand. ___ he has told me. 

A.that  B. what  C. which D. who

9. She didn't know___ back soon. 

A. whether he would be  B. if would he be  C. he will be

10.  I don't know _____ he still lives here after so many years. 

A. whether B where C. what D. when

11. Do you know _____ they listened to yesterday evening? 

A. what B when C why D how

12. He asked me _____told me the accident. 

A whom B which C who D whose

13. They don't know ________ their parents are. 

A that B what C why D which

14. Please tell me ______ last year. 

A. where does your sister work   B where did your sister work 

C where your sister works   D where your sister worked

15. She asked me if I knew ______. 

A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it

16. You must remember ________. 

A. what your mother said   B. what did your mother say 

C. your mother said what   D. what has your mother said

17. Did you know ____? 

A. who he was looking after  B. who was he looking for 

C. who he is looking for   D. who he is looking after

18. Could you tell me ___? 

A. when will they leave Beijing   B. when would they leave Beijing 

C. when they will leave Beijing   D. when did they leave Beijing

19. In the bookshop, a reader asked the shop keeper _____ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book.

A. that  B. how  C. what D. if 

20. —I don't know _____ Mr. Green will come to see us.  —He will help us with our English. 

A. why B. when C. how D. where 

21. —We never know _____ the old man is.  —They say he is a teacher. 

A. what   B. who C. which D. where 

22. I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers. 

A. that how    B. how that    C. when that    D. that when 

23. —Do you know _____ ? I'm going to see him.  —Sorry, I don't know. 

A. where does Mr. Li live   B. where did Mr. Li live 

C. where Mr. Li lives   D. where Mr. Li lived 

24. —W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer?   —Sorry, I have no idea. 

A. ／; bought B. has; bought C. did; buy D. does; buy 

25. I don't feel very well. Mum asked me _____ this morning. 

A. what the matter is   B. what is wrong   C. what the matter was   D. what wrong was 

26. —Where is Jack?  —He is away to spend his holiday. He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan, but I'm not sure _____ . 

A. that  B. which  C.  where D.  there 

 

课 后 测 试 题

Ⅰ.Choose the best answer (选择最佳的答案)：

1. Benny is going to buy ________. 

  A. some electricities    B. an electricity    C. a packet of electricity    

D. two packets of electricities 

2. Some rich men like to ______ their treasure under the ground in order not to let others know it.

  A. buried    B. bury    C. are buried    D. to be buried 

3. Everyone must be ________ electricity.

  A. care to    B. careful to    C. careful with    D. careful for

4. We can ________ forms of energy that we can see, hear or feel.

  A. change them to    B. change it to    C. change them into    D. change it into 

5. Don’t forget ________ the light before you leave the house. 

  A. to turn on    B. to turn off    C. turning on    D. turning off 

6. He’s ________ electrician, he can deal with the ________ problem.

  A. a, electrical    B. an, electrical     C. the electrical    D. the, electric

7. These ________ thick wires that are buried under the street. 

  A. connect to    B. connect with    C. are connected    D. are connected to  

8. Jane saw a bank robbery ________.

  A. on her way to there    B. on her way back home    C. in her way home    

D. at the way to home 

9. Anyone can answer that question, ________?

  A. can he    B. can’t they    C. can’t he    D. doesn’t he

10. —Can I leave this door open at night? —You ________ better not.

  A. should    B. would    C. could    D. had 

11. John ________ come to see us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.

  A. may    B. can    C. has to    D. must

12. They ________ do well in the exam.

  A. can be able to    B. be able to    C. can be able     D. are able to 

13. You ________ be late for school again next time. 

  A. mustn’t    B. needn’t    C. don’t have to    D. don’t need to

14. —Must I do my homework at once?  —No, you _________.

  A. needn’t    B. mustn’t    C. can’t    D. may not

15. My brother always _________ his head when he’s in trouble.

  A. hits    B. knocks    C. scratches    D. washes

16. Water changes ________ ice when it’s frozen.

  A. in    B. to    C. into    D. onto

17. The father ________ the toy box under a tree and asked the children to look for it.

  A. put    B. buried    C. laid    D. set 

18. Jane is a shy girl. She always ________ but seldom speaks.

  A. grins    B. laughs    C. joke    D. smiles

19. Oh, my god! Our light is broken. Let’s change the _________ quickly!

  A. cable    B. bulb    C. wire    D. battery

20. Which one can produce movement energy?

  A. A radio    B. A torch   C. A fan    D. A kettle

Ⅱ.Choose the right words to complete the sentences (选择适当的单词完成句子)：

1. Playing with fire is very ________. (danger, dangerous)

2. Cables are connected ________ a power station. (with, to)

3. Everyone ________ keep quiet in the library. (must, can)

4. You need ________ energy to play squash. (a lot of, many)

5. We get electricity from power station ________ wires and cable. (through, across)

Ⅲ.Fill in the blanks with the words in the box in their proper forms (用方框中动词的适当形式填空)：

 trick   bury   explain   connect



1. “I didn’t catch the six fifty bus this morning, sir.” Sandy ________ why he was late for school.

2. Captain King ________ Gork’s friends now.

3. My mobile phone is ________ to my computer to come on line. 

4. My father ________ my grandpa personally. We all felt very sad at that time.

Ⅳ.Rewrite the sentences as required (按要求改写句子)：

1. Grandpa doesn’t even know What WTO is.　（写出同义句）

  Grandpa doesn’t know what WTO is ________ ________.

2. Where are we going next? I forget it. （合并成一句）

  I forget where ________ ________ next.

3. Tony is so fat that he can’t jump high. (写出同义句)

  Tony is ________ fat ________ jump.

4. Gork’s eye is red, glowing and huge. (对划线部分提问)

  ________ ________ Gork’s eye?

5. Everyone likes to be visited late at night. （改为否定句）

  ________ ________ like to be visited late at night.

Ⅴ.Cloze (完形填空)：

Scientists have ____1____ wanted to know more about the universe. Years ago they know many things about the moon. They knew how big it was and how far away it was from the earth. But they wanted to know ____2____ about it. They thought the best way ____3____ men to the moon. 

The moon is about 38,400 kilometers away from the earth. A plane cannot fly to the moon because the air ____4____ only 240 kilometers away from the earth. But ____5____ can fly even when there is no air. That is a rocket.

1. A. ever    B. never    C. always    D. already

2. A. much    B. more    C. many things    D. a lot

3. A. to send    B. to take    C. to carry    D. to have  

4. A. is    B. are    C. travels    D. reaches

5. A. it    B. that    C. something    D. someone

Ⅵ.Reading comprehension  (阅读理解)：

Most of our energy come from burning coal, oil or gas. But what will happen when we run out of those things? We’ll have to find other ways to get energy. Here are some types of energy that we’ll need to use more of one day:

Solar energy: Solar technology uses energy from sun’s light. Solar cells like silicon(硅) can take in sunlight and turn it into electricity. Small solar cells are used in things like calculators. Bigger ones can be used to light houses or heat building.

Hydro energy: This is sometimes called hydroelectric（水电的）energy. The name comes from the word “hydrogen(氢)”, which is found in water. When water moves fast, it has lots of energy. When moving water goes through hydroelectric dams, it turns a turbine (涡轮), and the turbine turns a generator(发电机). China is now building the world’s largest hydroelectric dam at Three Gorges(三峡).  

Nuclear energy: This kind of energy is not renewable, but it is more efficient to make than fossil fuel energy. We get nuclear energy by putting uranium or plutonium into a nuclear reactor (核反应堆). That’s a big machine that breaks atoms apart. When atoms break, lots of heat comes out. This heats up water to make steam. The steam turn a turbine., which then turns  a generator to make electricity, much like in a hydroelectric dam. 

Answer the questions (根据短文内容，回答问题)：

1. What can bigger solar cells be used for?

  They can be _________________________ or ___________________________________.

2. Which dam will be the largest hydroelectric one in the world?

  _________________________________________________________________________.

3. How can we get nuclear energy?

  We can get it by ___________________________________________________________.

 

 

 

 

 

上海版牛津英语8B 第四章 学习辅导材料

学 习 新 词 语

一.同根词：

publish;  publishing 

publish  v.  prepare and print a magazine, book, etc. 出版，例如：

The company publishes children’s books. 这个公司出版儿童书籍。

The book was published in 1988. 这本书是一九八八年出版的。

publishing  adj.  出版的，出版业的，例如：

There is a publishing house over there.  那边有一家出版社。

elect;  election

elect  v.  choose by voting  选举，例如：

The government is made up of men and women elected by the people of the country. 

  政府是由这个国家的人民选出的人员组成的。

election  n.  选举，例如：

Tom is standing for election. We elect him chairman of the club.

  汤姆是候选人，我们选他为俱乐部主席。

editor;  edit

editor  n.  a person whose job is to prepare or control a magazine, newspaper, book or film etc.编辑；编者，例如：

She is a fashion editor.  她是一名时装栏编辑。

edit  v.  prepare or control a magazine, newspaper, book or film etc.  编辑；校订，例如：

He is editing a Shakespeare play for use in school. 

他正在编辑一部莎士比亚剧本供学校使用。  

experience (n.[C] & [U]; vt.);  experienced

experience (1) n. [C]  skill and knowledge gained from doing sth.  经历，例如：

Please tell me your experiences in America. 请告诉我你在美国的经历。

experience (2) n. [U]  things / events that happen to us  经验，例如：

Experience is their preparation for giving advice.  经验为他们进行咨询作了准备。

experience (3) vt.  have experience of; feel; meet with  有……之经验；感受；体验，例如：

They have experienced the difficulties for playing football. 他们感受到了踢足球的难处。

experienced  adj.  having experience; having knowledge or skill as the result of experience  有经验的；有从经验获得的知识或技术的，例如：

She is an experienced nurse.  她是位有经验的护士。

free;  freedom 

free  adj. (1)  not having to pay for it 免费的，例如：

Anyone who buys this breakfast food gets a free gift of a fine greeting card. 

  购买这份早餐事务的人都可得到一张免费的精美贺卡。

fere  adj. (2)  (of a person) not a slave  自由的，例如：

The prisoners were pardoned and set free.  那些囚犯获赦并被释放。

freedom  n.  condition of being free  自由，例如：

The prisoner has no freedom in the jail. He can’t walk freely there. 

囚犯在监狱中没有自由，他不可以随便走动。

brief;  briefly 

brief  adj.  short or quick  简短的，短暂的，例如：

a warm and brief welcome 热烈而简短的欢迎   make a brief visit 作短暂的访问

Can you give us a brief introduction? 你能简短的介绍一下你自己吗？

briefly  adv.  shortly or quickly  简要地

I ‘d like to comment very briefly on that last statement. 

我想就最后一句简要地谈谈我的看法。

Briefly, you are fired. 一句话，你被解雇了。

conclude；  conclusion

conclude  v.  finish; come to the end of  结束；决定，例如：

To conclude, I wish you all good health and a long life.  最后，祝大家健康长寿。

The doctor concluded that the patient’s disease was cancer.  医生断定病人患的是癌症。

conclusion  n.  end; the result of reasoning  结束，结论，例如：

I found the conclusion of her story very exciting.  我觉得她那故事的结尾很激动人心。

二.兼性词：

vote  v.  show which person or thing you want to choose, by putting up your hand or making a piece of paper  投票选举，例如：

    Vote for Johnson — the people’s friend!  请投约翰逊一票——他是人民的支持者！

vote  n.  投票选举，例如：

secret vote 不记名投票   

I give my vote to Mr Wang.  我投王先生的票。

He won the election because he got most votes. 他选举获胜了，因为他得了大多数的选票。

三.词义辨析：

consider...(as)...;  regard...as...;  treat...as...

这三个词组都含“认为……是……”的意思。

(1) consider  think about carefully  考虑，认为，侧重“经过考虑而认为”，表示一种比较客观的看法。例如：

I consider what he said (as) reasonable.  我认为她说的有道理。

(2) regard 指“把……认为，把……看作”，表示以外部形象得出认识或个人的主观认识。例如：He was regarded as the foremost authority on chemistry.  他被认为是化学最高权威。

(3) treat 表示在某种认识的基础上看待或对待，重在行动，而不在认识。例如：

They will not be treated as enemies. 他们不会被当作敌人对待。

四.常用词组：  

suggestion  n.  idea for others to consider  提议；建议

at one’s suggestion  根据某人的建议        on one’s suggestion  根据某人的建议

make a suggestion  提议；建议            offer a suggestion  提议；建议

on the suggestion of...  在……的建议下

decision  n.  choosing something after thinking; deciding  决心；决定

come to a decision / arrive at a decision / reach a decision  做出决定

give a decision for 判决对……有利    give a decision against  判决对……不利

make a decision  决定下来；做出决定；下决心。例如：

Have they arrived a decision yet?  他们是否已有所决定？

charge  n.  主管，看管   v.  使承担（任务、责任）

take charge of 负责,看管; under the charge of 在…看管(负责)之下;in charge of 负责 

例如：Mr Smith will take charge of our class next term.  史密斯先生下学期将负责我们班。  

The chief engineer was in charge of directing the building of the subway. 

  主任工程师负责指挥地铁的建造工程。

This ward is under the charge of Dr Green.  这件病房是有格林大夫负责的。

Don’t forget the to charge the money of the shoes to my account.别忘了把鞋钱记在我账上。  

agree on  同意，达成协议   例如：

We couldn’t agree on when to start.  我们对何时出发不能达成共识。

We couldn’t agree on when to meet. 关于什么时候见面，我们未能取得一致意见。

              

语 法 知 识

情态动词  should 、ought to

ought to 是客观的，should是主观的。ought to表示我不做不行，是责任，虽然可能我不想去做但是还要去做。 should是主观想去做。有点像have to和must的关系。（ought to是两个可加to的情态动词之一，另一个是used to）。ought to do 语气更强，常用于长辈对小辈的用语，或某规则上的要求。而 should do 可用于平辈朋友间，较为客气与口语化。

（一）should的用法：

should 用作情态动词，三种人称单、复数通用，后面跟动词原形。其否定式为：should not (shouldn’t)

1. 表示“义务或责任”，意思是“应该”。例如：

   We should keep our promise.  我们应该遵守诺言。

   You shouldn’t be so careless.  你不应如此粗心大意。

【注意】should 后面跟：“have + 过去分词”结构，其肯定句表示过去应该做而未做的事，其否定句则表示过去不该做但做了的事情。 例如：

You should have started 5 minutes earlier.  你应该早五分钟动身。（却没早动身）

I should have thought of that.  这一点我是应当想到的。（却没想到）

She looks very ill. She should have stayed at home. 她看样子病得很重，本应呆在家里。（却没呆在家里）

You should not have gone back to work without the doctor’s permission.

  你不应该未经医生许可就回去工作。（却去工作了）

2. 表示可能性、推测、估计，意思是“可能”、“该”。例如：

She should be home by now, I think.  我想，她现在可能（该）到家了。

It’s two o’clock, the football game should begin soon. 

已经是两点钟了，足球比赛不久就该开始了。

3. 表示说话人用委婉、谦虚的语气，提出意见、请求或建议，意思是“可”、“倒是”、“想”等。例如：

I should say it would be better to try it again. 我以为可以再试试。（提出建议）

I should advise you to pay more attention to your health. 我倒是想劝你多注意身体(建议)

I should like to have a talk with you. 我想跟你谈一谈。（请求）

（二）ought to 的用法：

ought 无时态和人称变化，后面跟(带to的）动词不定式，其疑问式为：Ought I / you to...?其否定式为ought not to...

1. 表示有义务必须做某事,意思是“应该”;其语气比should强,带有责备或督促的含义。例如：

You ought to punctual. 你应该守时。

—Ought he to do it at once?  —Yes, he ought (to). 

—他应该立刻就做吗？—是的，应该立刻就做。

They ought to go tomorrow. 他们应该明天去。

You ought not / oughtn’t to drink too much. 你不应该喝太多酒。

She said such a thing ought not to be allowed to happen.她说,这样的事不应当允许发生。

【注意】ought to 后面跟“have + 过去分词”结构，表示对过去该做而未做之事的责难、后悔或遗憾的心情。例如：

You ought to have helped her. 你本该帮助她的。（却没有帮助她）

He ought to have returned these books to the library last week. 

他上星期就应该把这些书还给图书馆。（却没有还书）

I ought not to have done it. 我本不该做这件事。（却做了）

2. 表示非常可能的事，意思是“一定会”、“该……”

We ought to win. 我们一定会赢。

If he started at ten, he ought to be there by time. 假如他十点出发，现在该到那里了。

相 关 练 习 题

1. We ________ fight against pollution.

  A. may    B. should    C. mustn’t    D. needn’t

2. Thomas, please be quiet. The others ________ hear very well.

  A. can’t    B. mustn’t    C. shouldn’t    D. needn’t 

用should或ought to 填空：

1. We ________drink about eight cups of water a day. 2. John _________ take a rest after hours of hard work. 3. We ________ keep our home clean and tidy. 4. You ________________(not/tell)lies to your parents.

5. You ________ listen to the doctor's advice if you want to recover soon. 6. Such things ____________ (not) be allowed. 7. I missed the class. I _________ have come earlier. 8. I ________ (not) have made such a foolish mistake.

直接引语和间接引语

一.直接引语和间接引语概述??? 我们把引述别人的话语可归纳为两种方式，一种时直接引述别人的话语，并置于引号之内的称为直接引语，另一种是用自己的语言转述别人的话语，称为间接引语，间接引语一般构成宾语从句。例如：???  The teacher asked, “Do you like English?  老师问：“你喜欢英语吗？”（直接引语）???  The girl said that she liked English very much.   女孩说她非常喜欢英语。（间接引语）??? 一般在直接引语或间接引语当中都有一个引述动词，如 tell, ask, say 等。这些引述动词和它们的主语所放位置比较灵活，可以放在直接引语之前、之后或其中。主语如果是名词时，可以倒装。“主语+引述动词”放在间接引语当中就相当于宾语从句的主句部分。例如：???  He told me, “I am going to Changchun tomorrow.”   他告诉我：“明天我打算去长春。”???  "Where are you from?” asked Linda.   “你来自哪里？”琳达问。

二.直接引语变间接引语的变化形式  

1.人称代词和指示代词的变化??? 指示代词this和these通常变为that和those。人称代词也要根据情况做适当调整。从句中的第一人称多变为第三人称，第二人称根据情况改为第一人称或第三人称，第三人称不变。例如：He said, “I came to help you.” 他说：“我是来帮助你的。”???     →He said that he had come to help me. 他说他是来帮助我的。2.时态的变化??? 引述动词如果用一般现在时或一般将来时，间接引语的时态不变。??? 引述动词如果用一般过去时，间接引语的时态要变成相应的过去时态的一种。具体变化如下：??? 一般现在时→一般过去时???????????? 一般过去时→过去完成时??? 现在进行时→过去进行时???????????? 现在完成时→过去完成时??? 一般将来时→过去将来时

【注意】??? 含有情态动词的直接引语变成间接引语是，情态动词也要相应地变成过去时态。??? 若直接引语为客观真理或自然规律，变为间接引语时，时态不变。有时由于直接引语有特定的过去时间状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。  时间状语的变化??? now → then?????????????????????????????? last month → the month before??? today → that day?????????????????????????three days ago → three days before??? tonight → that night????????????????????tomorrow → the next day ??? this week → that week?????????????????? next month → the next month??? yesterday → the day before????????????? the day after tomorrow → in two days??? 地点状语的变化?? here → there     谓语动词的变化?? come → go

三. 直接引语变为间接引语的情况1. 直接引语为陈述句??(1) 将直接引语变为由that 引导的宾语从句，接在谓语动词之后(that 可以省略。)例如：??     He said, “I forgot to call you yesterday.”  他说：“我昨天忘记给你打电话了。”???     →He said that he had forgotten to call me the day before.

他说她前一天忘记给我打电话了。??(2) 如果引述动词是say to sb.,则通常改为tell sb. sth. 结构。例如：???    He said to me, “Your bike is broken.” 她对我说：“你的自行车坏了。”??   ? →He told me that my bike was broken. 他对我说我的自行车坏了。2. 直接引语为一般疑问句??? 直接引语为一般疑问句，将直接引语变为由if /whether 引导的宾语从句，句中时态、人称、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要做相应的变化。其语序为陈述语序，若直接引语的引述动词为say ，应改为ask. 例如：???  Mary asked me, “Is Helen from the United States?”   玛丽问我，“凯伦是美国人吗？”???  →Mary asked me whether/if Helen was from the United States. ???  玛丽问我海伦是否是美国人。3.直接引语为特殊疑问句 ??? 直接引语为特殊疑问句，将直接引语变为由特殊疑问句引导的宾语从句，语序是陈述语序。例如：???   John asked me, “Where does Zhou Xun come from?” 约翰问我，“周迅是哪儿的人？”???   →John asked me where Zhou Xun came from. 约翰问我周迅是哪儿的人。4.if 引导的条件状语从句??? (1)主句用一般将来时，if 从句用一般过去时。例如：???   We will go to Bao Du Zhai if it is fine tomorrow.  如果明天天好的话我们就去抱犊寨。???  We will to travelling if we have time tomorrow.  如果明天我们有时间我们就去旅行。  (2)主句祈使句，if 从句用一般现在时。例如：???  Please call me if you need help. 如果你需要帮助请打电话给我。???  Sing a song if you feel happy. 如果感到快乐就唱首歌吧！

(3)主句含有情态动词，if 从句用一般现在时。 ???  You can make a lot of money if you run a company.???   如果你经营一家公司的话你会装很多钱。???  You can get number one if you study hard. 如果你努力学习你就可以得第一。???  —Mary, what about going boating if it doesn’t rain?

 玛丽，如果明天不下雨，我们就划船好吗？??? —Good idea. 好主意。? 

相 关 练 习 题

将下列句子中的直接引语改为间接引语：

1. “I am very happy.” said Fisher proudly.

2. Dinny said: “I saw Mr Muskam yesterday.”

3. He said: “I will have finished my work by that time.”

4. “I have never seen anything more beautiful than this.” he said.

5. Mr Rochester said; “I’ve settled everything; and we will leave Thornfield tomorrow.”

6. “It is too late.” he said.

7. “Here is Miss Eyre, sir,” said Mrs Fairfax.

8. “I will try it,” said Kate.

9. “I’ve studied biology,” he said.

10. “We will go back to the house,” he said.

 

课 后 测 试 题

Ⅰ. Chose the best answer（选择最佳的答案）：

1. Jam ________ 20 yuan for his new pencil-case .

  A. spent    B. cost    C. took    D. paid

2. ________ did it take you to travel from Beijing to Bangkok?

  A. How far    B. How soon    C. How long    D. How often

3. Some people like tea, ________ do not. 

  A. other    B. others    C. another    The others

4. —Ought we to pay the bill fight now?  —No, you ________.

  A. ought not    B. ought not to    C. ought to not     D. not ought to   

5. The teacher ________ a class is called a class teacher.

  A. in charge of    B. take charge of     C. is in charge of     D. took charge of 

6. I suggested that my boy friend ________ his boss about his plan. 

  A. talked over    B. should discuss    C. talked to    D. should tell

7. Why did all of you vote ________ Paul to be monitor though he has little experience?

  A. against    B. to    C. for    D. by

8. Will you be able to return this new magazine ________?

  A. in two weeks time    B. two weeks later    C. after two weeks    D. about two weeks

9. It’s not easy for me to ________ when to get there right now.

  A. say    B. decide    C. talk    D. learn

10. Do you all ________ where to go?

  A. agree on    B. agree    C. agree to    D. agree with  

11. If you join the ________, you will wear soldier’s uniform.

  A. Pioneer    B. Party    C. Army    D. Youth league

12. What are you going to say ________?

  A. at the meeting     B. at meeting     C. in the meeting    D. in a meeting 

13. We always have a family meeting before ________?

  A. make as decision   B. making a decision   C. made a decision   D. we had the decision

14. You are late. You ________ here earlier. 

  A. should come    B. ought to come    C. should have come    D. ought have come

15. The whole group members all voted ________ Cathy to be the leader, then she took charge ________ the group activities.

  A. to; of    B. for; in    C. to; in    D. for; of

Ⅱ. Choose the word or expression which is closest in meaning to the underlined part in each sentence （选择与下列各句中画线部分意思相近的单词或词组）：

A. publish   B. take charge of   C. discus   D. experience   E. conclude   F. elect   



1. We are going to talk over the problem with our class teacher soon.

2. Every four years, Americans choose a new president. 

3. They will bring out a new book next month.

4. You’d better bring the meeting to an end immediately.

5. We should choose an experienced teacher to be responsible for the top class.  

Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks with the given verbs in the box in their proper forms（从方框内选出动词，用其适当形式填空，每词限用义词）：

clean,  work,  sell,  publish,  teach,  go 



1. It’s time ________ to bed.

2. The windows of our lab ________ once a week.

3. The school newspaper whose editors are young people ________ twice a week.

4. English ________ twice a day on TV.

5. Mr Green ________ his old car Ford and buy a new Polo if he has enough money.

6. My father ________ in this factory for fifty years before he left there three years ago.

Ⅳ. Rewrite the sentences as required（按要求改写句子）：

1. My mother said to me, “Don’t go alone at night.” (改为简单句)

  My mother told me ________ ________ go alone at night.

2. The Browns came to China in 1997. （对画线部分提问）

  ________ ________ the Browns ________ to China?

3. Mr Fat has few good friends. （改为反意疑问句） 

  Mr Fat has few good friends, ________ ________？

4. My home is about twenty minutes by bike. （改为同义句）

  It ________ me twenty minutes ________ ________ there  from my home by bike.

5. It’s a good idea. （改为感叹句）

  How _________ ________ ________is!

Ⅴ. Reading comprehension（阅读理解）：

Jack was a famous American writer. He was born on January 12, 1876, in San Francisco, California. His family was very poor, and Jack had to leave school to make money. He worked hard in many different jobs. 

Later, Jack returned to school, but he didn’t. He wrote, “Life and pocketbook（袖珍书）were both too short.”

In 1897, he went to Alaska to find gold. Instead, he found ideas there for his books and stories. He returned home and started to write. His writings were successful, and he became rich and famous in his twenties.

Jack was not a happy man, however. In poor health, he took his own life（自杀）in 1916. He was only 40 years old. 

1. Jack was ________. 

 A. a musician    B. a writer    C. a basketball player   D. a teacher

2. He went to Alaska ________.

A. for holidays    B. because his wife lived there    C. to find gold   D. to meet his parents 

3. Jack became rich and famous ________. 

  A. when he was thirty    B. when he was over twenty    C. in his thirties   

D. when he was a child

4. Which of the following sentences is true？

  A. Jack died in Alaska.    B. Jack was born in London.    C. Jack found gold in Alaska.

  D. Jack was a successful writer, but he didn’t live happily.

5. Which of the following sentences is not true?

  A. Jack didn’t find gold in Alaska, instead he found ideas for writing.

  B. Jack didn’t like to go to school.

  C. Jack died in 1916.

  D. Jack had a little education（教育）when he was young..

Ⅵ.Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words（用适当的单词完成短文，首字母已给）：

    All students need to have good study habits. When you have good study habits, you learn thing q____1____. You also remember them e____2____. Do you like to study in the living-room? This is not a good place because it is usually too n____3____. You need to study in a quiet place, like our bedroom. A quiet place will help you only think about one thing, and you will learn b____4____. Before you begin to study, do not forget to c____5____ your desk. A good desk light is important, too. You’ll feel t____6____ easily if there is not enough l____7____.

 

上海版牛津英语8B 第五章 学习辅导材料（2011.04.） 

学 习 新 词 语

一.同根词：

drama;  dramatic； dramatically： 

drama  n. 意为“戏剧性事件；戏剧性场面”，例如：

Why is there so little drama in my life?  为什么我的生活如此平淡？

dramatic  adj. 意为“戏剧性的”。例如：

The play is a dramatic representation of a real event.  这出话剧改编自真人真事。

dramatically  adv. 意为“显著地；突然地”。例如：

Her attitude to me changed dramatically. 她对我的态度突然大大改变。

exclaim;  exclamation：

exclaim  v. 意为“呼喊；惊叫”。例如：

The children exclaimed with excitement. 孩子们激动地喊了起来。

exclamation  n. 意为“惊呼；感叹；惊叹；感叹词”。例如：

“Look out!” and “OW” are exclamations. ”“小心”和“哎哟”都是感叹词。

repeat;  repetition：

repeat  v.  意为“重做；复述”。例如：

Could you repeat the question?  你能把这个问题重复一下吗？

History will not repeat itself.  历史不会重演。

repetition  n. 意为“重复；循环；复制品；副本”。例如：

    Let there be no repetition of this, don’t do it again. 不要再做这种事了。

lead;  leader：

lead  v. 意为“引导；指引；导致”。例如：

He led us to his home. 他把我们带到他家。

The path leads to the village. 这条小路通到那个村庄。

Her mistakes led to her failure. 她的失误导致了她的失败。

leader  n. 意为“领导者；领袖”。例如：

He is the leader of this movement.  他是这次运动的领导者。

Mao Zedong is the great leader of the Chinese people. 毛泽东是中国人民的伟大领袖。

locate;  location： 

locate  v.  意为“使…坐落于；位于。例如：

The new building will be located in the centre of the town. 这座新大楼将建在市中心。

location  n.  意为“位置；场所”。例如：

   Have they decided on the location of the new building yet?这座新大楼的位置定下来了吗？

二.词义辨析：

allow;  permit;  let：

这三个词都有“允许；准许”之意，但程度不同。

allow 语气较弱，有“听之任之；不加阻止；默许”之意。例如：

The teacher allows too much noise in the classroom.那个老师听任学生在教室里大声吵闹。

permit 语气较重，强调“认可；批准”。例如：

Schools don’t permit smoking. 学校内严禁吸烟。

let 的语气最轻，意指“让”，口语较常用，而且没有被动语态。例如：

Let me carry your luggage. 让我来帮你搬行李。

三.常用词组：

sound like: 听起来像。 例如：

Don’t always tell me how to do my work. You sound like my mother. 

  别总是告诉我该怎么干我的工作，你听起来像我妈一样。

sound  v. 听起来，是个联系动词，后接形容词作表语。 如：sound good; sound beautiful

go off ：突然作响；变质；爆炸。例如：

When the fire alarm went off, everyone moved to the playground. 

消防警铃突然作响，所有的人都逃到了操场上。 

I didn’t put the milk in the fridge so it went off.  我没有把牛奶放进冰箱，变质了。

The bomb went off when he started the car. 当他发动汽车的时候，炸弹就爆炸了。

in one’s own words：用自己的话说。例如：

Don’t recite the story. Please tell it in your own words. 不要背诵故事，请用自己的话来讲。

  （in other words 换句话说；也就是说。例如：

        He doesn’t like hard work—in other words, he’s lazy! 

他不喜欢干重活——换句话说他很懒。）

 

语 法 知 识

代词小结

一.代词的定义：

  用以代替名词或名词词组的词叫代词， 在句子中用以避免名词的重复。因此，代词的使用必须和它所代替的名词在人称、数、格等方面保持一致。

二.代词的分类：

  代词主要可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词。本文主要讲人称代词、物主代词及反身代词的用法。

  1.人称代词：

  （1）人称代词是指人或事物的代词。有人称、数、格的变化。第三人称单数的人称代词还有性的变化。

  （2）人称代词列表：

 

主   格

宾   格

中文意思



第一人称单数

I  

me

我



第二人称单数

you 

you 

你



第三人称单数

he(阳性)  she(阴性)  it 

him(阳性) her(阴性)  it

他 她 它



第一人称复数

we 

us

我们



第二人称复数

you 

you 

你们



第三人称复数

they

them

他们 她们 它们



 2.物主代词：

   （1）表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。物主代词有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数的物主代词还有性的变化。

   （2）物主代词列表

 

形容词性物主代词

名词性物主代词

中文意思



第一人称单数

my 

mine

我的



第二人称单数

your 

yours

你的



第三人称单数

his(阳性)  her阴性)  its 

his(阳性) hers(阴性) its

他的 她的 它的



第一人称复数

our

ours

我们的



第二人称复数

your 

yours 

你们的



第三人称复数

their

theirs

他们的 她们的 它们的



   （3）物主代词的句法功能：

a.形容词性物主代词只能作定语：My school is not far from here. 我的学校离这儿不远。

b.名词性物主代词作主语： Ours is the best football team in the school. 

我们的足球队是全校最棒的。 

c.名词性物主代词作表语： The book on the desk isn’t mine. 桌子上的那本书不是我的。

d.名词性物主代词作宾语： I forgot to bring my pen. May I use yours? 

我忘了带钢笔，我可以借用一下你的吗？

 3.反身代词：

（1）反身代词表示动作回到其执行者本身，用以加强语气。

（2）反身代词列表：

第一人称单数

myself

我自己



第二人称单数

yourself

你自己



第三人称单数

himself  herself  itself

他自己  她自己  它自己



第一人称复数

ourselves

我们自己  



第二人称复数

yourselves

你们自己



第三人称复数

themselves

他们自己 她们自己  它们自己



（3）反身代词的用法：

反身代词可用做宾语、表语、主语和宾语的同位语。用作同位语时表示强调“本人；自己”。

 a. 反身代词作宾语：He allowed himself a rest. 他让自己休息一会儿。

 b. 反身代词作表语：The happy boy is myself. 那快乐的孩子就是我。 

 c. 反身代词作主语：Myself and friends will drink his health.  

我自己和朋友们都为他的健康祝酒。 

 d. 反身代词作宾语的同位语：You can go and ask him himself.你可以去问他本人。

三.再小结一下指示代词（demonstrative pronoun）、疑问代词（interrogative pronoun)、关系代词（relative pronoun）和不定代词（indefinite pronoun）。

（一）指示代词：

表示这、那、这些、那些、以及it, such, same 等词叫做指示代词。指示代词在句子中可做主语、宾语、表语及定语。

this 和these表示在时间上或空间上较近的事或物；that和those 表示在时间或空间上较远的事或物。that 和those还可以指前文中的事物，this 和these指下文中将要讲到的事物。它们起承上启下的作用。例如：

That is a red car. 那是一辆红色汽车。

What do you like? I like this. 你喜欢什么？ 我喜欢这个。

I got up late, that’s why I missed the bus.  我起床迟了，这就是我没赶上汽车的原因。

（二）疑问代词：

表示“谁（who）、谁（whom）、谁的（whose）、什么（what）、哪个或哪些（which）等的词叫做疑问代词。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般放在句子的最前面，在句中可用做主语、宾语、表语和定语。例如：

Who was here just now? 刚才谁在这儿？

What is this? 这是什么？

Which one do you like, this one or that one?  你喜欢哪一个，这个还是那个？

疑问代词还可以引导一个间接疑问句，也就是一个从句。疑问代词在句中可用做从句的主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：

What we should do is still unknown.  我们该干什么还不知道。

（三）关系代词：

关系代词是一种引导从句起连接主句和从句的代词。关系代词有who, whose, whom, that, which, 在句中可用做主语、表语、宾语和定语。在主句中，它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如： 

This is the student whose name is Wang Hua. 这就是名叫王华的学生。

I know what he is coming to get. 我知道他来要拿什么东西。

（四）不定代词：

没有明确指定代替任何特定名词或形容词的词叫做不定代词，常用的不定代词如下：

all, any, another, both, each, every, either, few, little, many, much, no, none, neither, one, other, some 以及由some, any, no, every, 和body, one, thing 构成的复合词。

不定代词代替名词或形容词，在句中可用做主语、宾语、表语和定语。例如：

Everybody should be here in time tomorrow. 明天大家都要按时到。

I know nothing about it. 这件事情我一点都不知道。

相 关 练 习 题

（一）

1. She is a lively girl. We all like ________.

  A. she    B. her    C. hers    D. herself

2. I guess Tom and his sister Celia enjoyed ________ at the party.

  A. myself    B. himself    C. herself    D. themselves

3. Look at the photo. The girl beside ________ is Nancy.

  A. I    B. my    C. me    D. mine

4. —May I borrow your dictionary? —Oh, sorry. It isn’t ________.

  A. his    B. hers    C. yours    D. mine

5. I am Cindy Brown. You can call ________ Cindy.

  A. us    B. him    C. her    D. me

6. Miss Li is ________ music teacher. We all like ________ very much.

  A. we, she    B. us, her    C. our, her    D. ours, hers

7. Jack is sitting between Mike and ________. 

  A. she    B. her    C. hers    D. herself

8. That isn’t ________ book. It’s ________.

  A. his, my    B. him, my    C. his, mine    D. him, mine

9. His shoes are red. ________ shoes are blue and ________ ________ black and white.

  A. My, hers is    B. Mine, her is    C. My, hers are    D. Mine, hers are

（二）

1. ________ police officers in the UK carry guns, but most of them don’t.

  A. No    B. Some    C. Many    D. All

2. —Which do you like best, coffee，water or juice? —________. I only like tea.

  A. Both    B. Either    C. Neither    D. None    

3. There are many tall buildings on _______ sides of the street.

  A. either    B. all    C. both    D. none

4. She has written a lot of books, but ________ good ones.

  A. any    B. some    C. few    D. many

5. —Would you like chicken noodles or beef noodles?  —________. I’d like tomato noodles.

  A. Either    B. Neither    C. Both    D. None

6. I’m hungry. I want ________ to eat. 

  A. anything    B. something    C. everything    D. nothing

7. —I saw Tony at the party. But he didn’t speak tome ________ evening. 

—Maybe he didn’t see you.   

  A. all    B. every    C. either    D. another

8. —Are you ________ from America?  —No, none of us.

  A. both    B. all    C. any    D. either

9. He showed me a magazine he bought yesterday. I think it’s interesting. So I bought ________.

  A. it    B. this    C. that    D. one   

10. Mike fell off the bike, but he didn’t hurt ________.

  A. he    B. him    C. himself    D. hisself

11. ________ book are you looking for?

  A. What    B. Which    C. Who    D. Whose 

12. There isn’t any milk in my glass. Would you give me ________?

  A. some    B. few    C. little    D. any  

13. We had plenty of paper but _____ ink.  A. a few 　 B. few 　 C. not many 　 D. not much 

14. Learning a foreign language is especially difficult for those who have never learned ______before. 

 A. one 　 B. it 　 C. them 　 D. that 

15. We're very busy because we've so ______books to read and so _______homework to do every day. 　A. much ... many 　 B. many ... much 　 C. many ... a lot　 D. a lot ... much 16. I thought ______of the matter but still couldn't find out the reason. 　A. every 　 B. both 　 C. nothing 　 D. everything 17. My car is not so expensive as ________.   A. him 　 B. he's 　 C. he 　 D. his 18. Lily and Lucy have arrived，but _______students aren't here yet. 　A. other  B. others 　 C. the other 　 D. the others 19. There are high buildings on ______side of the street. 　A. both 　 B. every 　 C. any   D. either20. －What do you usually have for breakfast?  －______eggs and ______milk. 　A Little ... a few 　 B. A little ... a little 　 C. A few ... a little 　 D. A few ... a few 21. ______ is difficult in the world if you put your heart into it. 　A. Something 　 B. Anything 　 C. Nothing 　 D. Everything 22.. Is this story the same as ______in that book? 　A. the one 　 B. what 　 C. that 　 D. it

 

课 后 测 试 题

Ⅰ.Choose the best answer (选择最佳的答案)：

1. It’s ________ for you to put your money into the ________.

  A. safe, safety    B. safety, safe    C. safe, safe    D. safety, safety

2. The president went to the front _________. 

  A. person    B. personally    C. people    D. personal

3. Chicken soup ________ delicious. It has nice ________.

  A. taste, tasting    B. tastes, tasting    C. tastes, taste    D. taste, taste

4. —Jerry, you look upset, what’s the matter? —See, my computer is dead.

     What does the underlined sentence mean?

  A. It is dying.    B. It doesn’t work.   C. It is asleep.   D. It has got the deadly virus(病毒).

5. As soon as the dog called Kelly noticed the stranger ________ the house, it began ________.

  A. entered, barked    B. enter, barking    C. enter into, to bark    D. entering, bark

6. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower ________ Lujiazui by the Huangpu River.

  A. be location in    B. located at    C. located in    D. is located in 

7. It is sensible ________ you to change your mind in the end.

  A. for    B. of    C. to    D. about

8. Nobody ________ to smoke near the gas station. It is dangerous.

  A. allows    B. are allowed    C. is allowed    D. will allow

9. You don’t have to ________ us; we can manage to do it ourselves. 

  A. explain   B. explain to    C. explanation to    D. explaining to

10. My daughter likes bedtime stories very much. Now she can ________ them by ________.

  A. describe to, her   B. describe, herself   C. describing, themselves   D. describing, itself

11. A road map will show you the ________ of cities, parks, rivers, mountains and other places of interest.

  A. location    B. site    C. point    D. spot

12. Since ________, I have learned a lot of English.

  A. came here    B. come here    C. coming here    D. comes here

13. When the fire alarm ________, John and Charlie were having a sound sleep.

  A. went out    B. went on    C. went off    D. went over

14. The little girl ________ go out by herself at night.

  A. doesn’t allow to    B. isn’t allowed to    C. isn’t let to    D. doesn’t let to

15. I have many hobbies, ________, collecting coins and listening to pop music.

  A. such as    B. for example    C. like    D. as

Ⅱ.Choose a word or an expression in the box which is the closest in meaning to the underlined part of each sentence (选择与画线部分意义最接近的单词或词组)：

A. exclaimed   B. sensible   C. wet   D. a real drama   E. destroy   F. went off



(  ) 1. The lady rushed out of the room, when the fire alarm made a sudden noise.

(  ) 2. It’s wise of you to bring an umbrella on such a rainy day.

(  ) 3. “What!” she said loudly, “Are you leaving tomorrow?”

(  ) 4. It was really an exciting thing to see Mr Li arguing with Mrs Li.

(  ) 5. You will make the paper wet if your hands are not dry.

Ⅲ.Fill in the blanks with the given verbs in their proper forms (用所给动词的适当形式填空)：

lie    put    enter    go    not allow    save    make 



1. The bomb on the bus ________ off when the driver started the bus. 

2. Pets ________ here in this housing estate.

3. The firemen saw Louise ________ on the ground when they rushed into the house. 

4. A fireman’s job is ________ out the fire and ________ people’s lives.

5. When Linda ________ the room, her mother ________ a phone call.

Ⅳ.Rewrite the sentences as required (按要求改写句子，每空限填一词)：

1. On weekdays Mr Johnson has lunch at the office. （改为一般疑问句）

  ________ Mr Johnson ________ lunch at the office on weekdays?

2. At the age of two, the elephant weighted 250 kilo. （对划线部分提问）

  ________ ________ did the elephant weigh at the age of two?

3. Miss Sliver prefers classical music to pop music. (改为同义句)

  Miss Sliver likes classical music ________ ________ pop music.

4. This girl is very pretty. （改为感叹句）

  ________ ________ this girl is!

5. I’m going to see the movies with my friends tonight. （对划线部分提问）  

  ________ ________ you going to see the movies with tonight?

Ⅴ.Complete the sentences using the correct word, or words from the box. The words can be used only once (从方框中选择正确的单词或词组完成句子，每个词或词组只能用一次)：

my,    me,    him,    it,    my,    by myself,

by yourself,    them,    himself,    they,    I



(Miss Kay is returning the class’ homework.)

Miss Key:  Whose homework is this?

Janet:      Uhn, It’s mine.  

Miss Key:  Why is ____1___ so messy(不整洁的)?

Janet:      My little brother tried to use it to make ____2___ a policeman’s hat.

Miss Key:  Oh, I see.

Janet:      ____3___ mother said she would buy ____4___ a proper hat.

Miss Key:  That’s good. Now, Gray. Yours is excellent.

Gray:      Thank you, miss.

Miss Key:  Did you do it ____5___?

Gray:      Of course! It’s all ___6___ own work.

Miss Key:  Really?

Gray:      Yes, Lucy and Jake wouldn’t show me theirs. 

Miss Key:  So you asked ____7___ first, didn’t you?

Gray:      Yes. They said ____8___ would learn more if I did it ____9___.

Miss Key:  ___10___ are right, you will.

Gray:      But I decided Alison needed to learn more than ___11___. So I offered her mine to do as well! Unfortunately, she said no.

1. _________  2._________  3._________　４._________  5._________  6._________

7. _________  8._________  9._________  10.__________  11.__________

Ⅵ.Reading Comprehension (阅读理解)：

John sent for a doctor because his wife was ill. He called the doctor and made sure they would meet at five. He thought, “It’s a little bit earlier. I’ll wait for a moment. It’s good to keep the time.”

Then he stopped his car in front of the doctor’s. He looked around and saw a noisy square not far from here. He went there and sat down on a chair to enjoy the last light of afternoon sun and make himself quiet. He saw some children playing and some women talking to each other happily.

Suddenly he heard a girl crying. He came up to her and asked some questions. Then he knew she got lost. John tried to find out her address and took her home. The girl’s parents were very thankful.

Then John hurried to the doctor’s. The doctor said angrily when he saw him, “You’re late. Why did you keep me waiting for twenty minutes?” John said nothing but one word—“sorry!”

Choose the right answer （根据短文内容，选出正确的答案）：

1. John drove to the doctor’s ________.

  A. late    B. on time     C. in time    D. in no time

2. John went to the square to ________.

  A. spend the time   B. enjoy himself   C. see the children and the women   D. help the girl  

3. The girl cried because ________.

  A. someone hit her    B. she fell off her bike    C. her parents were angry with her    

D. she didn’t find the way home

4. At last John go to the doctor’s at ________.

A. twenty to five    B. twenty past five    C. five o’clock    D. forty past five

5. From the story, we know John is a ________.

  A. busy person    B. quiet person    C. helpful person    D. lucky person  

Ⅶ.Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words (在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空限填一词，首字母已给)：

    Terry wanted a dog. She knew she would n________ hear the dog bark, b________ Terry was deaf. By chance, Terry met a dog that was deaf, t________. She began u________ the sign language w________ which she talks to other different people. In this way, Terry got her new dog to understand her. 

 

 

 

 

 

上海版牛津英语8B 第六章 学习辅导材料

学 习 新 词 语

词语辨析

1。neat,  tidy 

  neat 指令人赏心悦目的整齐和有序的状态，

例如：a neat room 整洁的房间，neat hair 整齐的头发

The whole region is covered with neat rows of new building.整个区域覆盖着整齐的新楼房。

 tidy 强调考究的布置和次序。例如：

    When she saw me come in tidy and well dressed, she even smiled. 

    当她看到我穿着整洁，服装考究地进来时，她甚至笑了。

2。used to do sth.,  be used to do sth.,  be used to doing sth.

  这三个结构非常容易混淆。  

  （1）used to do sth. 表示过去常常做某事，而现在这件事情已经不再继续了。例如：

    My father used to smoke a lot until the doctor told him there was a lung problem with him.

    我爸爸过去吸烟很厉害，直到医生告诉他，他的肺部出了问题。

  （2）be used to do sth. 是被动语态，表示“被用来做什么”的意思。例如：

    Plastic can be used to make all kinds of things. 塑料可以被用来制成各种各样的东西。

  （3）be used to doing sth. 表示“习惯于、适应于”的意思。例如：

    The Smiths are used to living in Shanghai now. 斯密斯一家已经习惯住在上海的生活了

3。try doing sth.,  try to do sth.

  try doing sth. 表示“尝试做某事”， 例如：

    Please try working on this computer. Don’t worry if you can’t. 

请试着操作这台电脑，不会用也不必担心。    

    We tried working out the problem in another way. 我们试图用另一种方法解出这道题。

  try to do sth. 表示“努力做某事”，例如：

    I tried to describe what I saw on the scene to the police. 

我努力向警方描述我在现场所看到的一切。

Please try to work on this computer. 请尽力操作好这台电脑。

4。go on to do sth.,  go on doing sth.

  go on to do sth. 表示“继续去做（另一件事）”，例如：

After he finished his homework, he went on to read China Daily. 

他完成作业后，接着读《中国日报》。

After he finished doing his homework, he went on to watch TV. 

他做完作业后，接着去看电视了。

  go on doing sth. 表示“继续做某事（与原来相同的事）”，例如：

He relaxed for a while and went on writing the report. 他休息一会后继续写报告。

5。go abroad,  go aboard

  go abroad 是“到国外去”的意思，例如：

Nowadays, many young students choose to go abroad to further their studies. 

现今很多青年学生选择去国外继续深造。

  Go aboard 是“上船，上车，上飞机”的意思。例如：

He went aboard hurriedly and left his bag on the bench. 

他匆匆忙忙地上了船（车，飞机），把包忘在长凳上了。

6。be familiar to,  be familiar with 

  be familiar to 表示“为... 所熟知”，例如： 

The song is familiar to us. 这是一首我们熟知的歌。

Chinese music isn’t very familiar to the Europeans. 欧洲人对中国音乐不是很熟悉。

Jinmao Tower is familiar to the people in Shanghai. 金茂大厦为上海人所熟悉。

  be familiar with 表示“熟悉”，例如：

I’m not very familiar with the botanical names. 我不太熟悉植物学方面的名称。

常用搭配

1。remind sb. of sth. 令某人想起某物，例如：

    This reminds me of last year. 这使我想起去年的事。

This pen always reminds me of Rome, because I bought it there. 

这支钢笔总让我回忆起罗马，因为它是我在那儿买的。 

  remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事，例如：

Remind me to write to my mother, please. 请提醒我给妈妈写信。

2。in addition 另外；并且；除此之外，例如：

I met some friends and other people in addition. 

我会见了我的朋友，除此之外还有其他的一些人。

In addition, he is good at drawing. 并且，他还擅长画画。  

 注意： 当我们需要表示“除...外”的含义时，也可以用in addition to, 相当于as well as.

例如：She speaks five foreign languages in addition to English. 

    = She speaks five foreign languages as well as English.

    = She speaks five foreign languages expect English. 除英语外，她还会说五种外语。

3。now that 既然；由于（众所周知的原因），例如；

Now that the children have left home, we can move to a smaller house. 

既然孩子们都已经搬离了我们的家，我们也可以搬到一套小一点的房子去了。

Now that you mention it, I do remember. 既然你说了，我就会记住的。

Now that you’ve grown up, you must stop this childish behaviour. 

既然你已经长大，那么你就应该改掉这些幼稚的行为。

4。think about doing sth. 考虑做某事， 例如：

I’m thinking about playing tennis this afternoon. 我正在考虑今天下午打网球。

Why don’t you thinking about going to the USA for your holidays?

你为什么不考虑一下到美国去度假呢？

（也可以用think of 来代替think about。）

5。go for a holiday 去度假，

  go for 后常常加名词，表示“去做某事”，常见的词组还有：go for a swim 去游泳；go (out ) for a walk 去散步；go (out) for a picnic/barbecue 去野餐/去烧烤。

6。be excellent for 非常适合于 例如：

This court is excellent for playing tennis. 这个场地非常适合于打网球。

France is excellent for travelling. 法国非常值得去旅游。

7。such as 例如；诸如 例如：

I need a reference book such as a dictionary. 我需要一本参考书，诸如字典之类的。

Fatty foods such as French fries are bad for your health. 

像薯条这样的高脂食品对你的健康有害。

People grow crops, such as wheat and sunflowers in this area.

人们在这个区域里种植小麦和向日葵这样的庄稼。

8。the same ...as  与...一样  例如：

He is the same age as his sister because they are twins. 

他与他姐姐是同龄的，因为他们是双胞胎。

The shirt is the same size as that one. 这件衬衣的尺寸与那件是一样的。

9。enable sb. to do sth.  使某人有能力作谋事 例如：

A bird’s wings enable it to fly. 鸟的翅膀使鸟能飞。

This dictionary enables you to understand English words. 这本辞典使你能理解英语词汇。

重 点 句 子

1. France is calling. 法国正在向您召唤！

动词call有如下的含义：

召唤，号召。例如：

Can you call everybody in for lunch? 你能把大家都叫进来吃饭么?

喊，嚷：例如：

“Breakfast is ready”, She called. 吃早饭了，她喊了一声。

请……来。例如：

He was so ill that we had to call the doctor. 他病得很重，我们只好把大夫请来了。

取名，把……叫做。例如：

They called the baby Simon. 他们为这个孩子取名叫西蒙。

打电话。例如：

I’ll call you later. 我晚点打电话给你。

【常见搭配】：

be called 名字叫做。例如：

What’s your teacher called? 你们老师怎么称呼?

She’s called Mrs Gray. 我们叫她格雷太太。

call somebody back 给某人回电话。例如：

I can’t talk now- I’ll call you back later. 我现在说话不方便----待会儿再给您回电话吧。

call for somebody 顺路到某人家约之同行。例如：

Rose often calls for me in the morning and we walk to school together.

罗斯常常在早上找我一起步行去上学。

call in 访问，拜访。例如：

I’ll call in to see you this evening. 我今天晚上去探望您。

call off 取消原计划，放弃原计划。例如：

We called off the race because it was raining. 因为下雨，我们取消了这场比赛。

2. Now that winter is behind us, many people are starting to think about going abroad for the summer holidays. 既然冬天已经过去，许多人开始计划暑假去国外旅游。

（1）now that 由于，既然。相当于because of the fact that. 例如：

Now that the children have left home, we can move to a smaller house.

既然孩子们都已经从家里搬出去了，我们也可以搬到一套小一点的房子去了。

【注意】：now that通常用来表示众所周知的原因，而非because那样可能表示比较深层次的或隐含的原因。例如：

Now that you mention it, I do remember. 既然你说了，我就会记住的。

Now that you have grown up, you must stop this childish behavior. 

既然你已经长大了，那么你就应该改掉这种幼稚的行为。

（2）start to do sth. 开始做……，着手做……例如：

After waiting for an hour, the clients started to complain.

等了一个小时之后，顾客们开始抱怨了。

She started to play the piano when she was five years old. 她五岁开始学弹钢琴。

【注意】：我们同样也可以说成start doing sth. 例如：

They started planting trees in the school garden at 9 o’clock this morning.

他们今天上午9点开始在学校花园里种树。

（3）think about doing sth.? 考虑做……例如：

I’m thinking about playing tennis this afternoon. 我正在考虑今天下午打网球。

Why don’t you think about going to the USA for your holidays?

你为什么不考虑一下去美国度假呢? 

【注意】：think about 可以用think of 来代替。abroad 相当于 in/ to another country. 意为：在海外，往国外。由于abroad 是个副词，表示“在/到国外”时，前面不能加介词。例如：

Mary goes abroad for her holidays every year. 玛丽每年都出国度假。

My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting.

我弟弟以前从未出过国，所以他觉得这次旅行十分令人兴奋。

overseas（国外）是其同义词，home（在本国）是其反义词。go abroad 意为：出国，去国外。

3. This year, why not spread your wings and visit France? 今年，何不走远一些到法国去呢?

（1）why not 为何不

why not, why don’t you 与what about 这三个句式是可以相互转换的。例如：

Why not start the meeting at once? 为何不现在就开会?

Why don’t you start the meeting at once? 为何不现在就开会?

What about starting the meeting at once? 现在就开会，如何?

（2） spread one’s wings 是个俚语，相当于start to fly，travel more widely，go somewhere further away than normal. 意为：展翅高飞。

4. The centre of France is a big, agricultural region, growing crops such as wheat and sunflowers,… 法国中部是广阔的农业区，种植小麦和向日葵等农作物,……

agriculture（n.） 农业 agricultural  (adj.) 农业的

（1）such as 是：例如，诸如的意思。例如：

Fatty food such as French fries are bad for your health. 

像薯条这样的高脂食品对你的健康有害。

People grow crops, such as wheat and sunflowers in this area. 

这个地区种植如小麦和向日葵这样的庄稼。

【词义辨析】：for example, such as 和like上述三个词都有：例如的意思。

for example 作“例如”讲的时候，一般指以同类事物或人中的“一个”为例，作插入语，用逗号隔开，可置于句首，句中，句末。例如：

A lot of things are invisible in the world. For example, air is invisible. 

世界上许多东西是肉眼看不见的。例如，空气就是看不见的。

He, for example, is a good student. 例如，他就是个好学生。

such as 用来列举同类人或事物中的若干个例子。例如：

Some of the European languages come from Latin, such as French, Italian and Spanish.

有些欧洲语言来源于拉丁语系，例如，法语，意大利语和西班牙语。

Boys such as John and James are very friendly. 像约翰和詹姆斯这样的男孩都很友好。

【注意】：such as 的后面没有逗号。

like 也常常用来表示举例，可与such as 互换。但such as用于列举时可以分开使用，此时不可以与like 互换。例如：

Some warm-blooded animals, like/such as the cat, the dog or the wolf, do not need to hibernate. 一些温血动物，如猫，狗和狼都不需要冬眠。

He has several such reference books as dictionaries and handbooks.

他有几本像字典，手册之类的参考书。

（2）growing crops such as wheat and flowers 在句子中是现在分词短语作后置定语，用于修饰之前的region。因此，本句也可以用定语从句来表示：The centre of France is a big, agricultural region which grows crops such as wheat and sunflowers.

?重点词组：

1. now that 既然，由于（众所周知的原因）        2. think about doing sth. 考虑做

3. go abroad for the summer holidays出国去过暑假    4. why not 为何不 

5.go on forever一望无际                         6.seem to 看上去

7.（be） covered with被……所覆盖               8.used to do sth.? 过去常常做

9. an hour away from 距离……一小时的路程        10. try doing sth.尝试做……

语 法 知 识

一．定冠词的意义：

the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

  1）特指双方都明白的人或物：　　 Take the medicine.　把药吃了。  2）上文提到过的人或事： 　　 He bought a house.　I've been to the house.  他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。  3）指世上独一物二的事物： the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth   4）单数名词连用表示一类事物,如：the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，   

    表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。  5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same 等前面：　   Where do you live?　I live on the second floor.　 你住在哪？我住在二层。　   That‘s the very thing I’ve been looking for.　那正是我要找的东西。

  6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) 

They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)  7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：　   She caught me by the arm..　她抓住了我的手臂。

8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：　   the People‘s Republic of China　 中华人民共和国      the United States　 美国  9）用在表示乐器的名词之前: She can plays the piano.　她会弹钢琴。

 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the Greens　 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) 11) 用在惯用语中:

    in the day,  in the morning (afternoon, evening),  the day after tomorrow,  the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky,(water, field, country), in the dark,                             in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre

二．零冠词:

1) 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary；　2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；　　They are teachers. 他们是教师。　3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；　　Failure is the mother of success.　失败乃成功之母。

4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；

    Man cannot live without water.　人离开水就无法生存。

  5）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；

    We go to school from Monday to Friday.　 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。

  6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；

    The guards took the American to General Lee.  士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如:

    have breakfast，play chess 

 8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词；　  I can‘t write without pen or pencil.  没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字.

  9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；  

    by bus，by train；

  10）有些个体名词不用冠词；如: school, college, prison, market，hospital, bed, table, class, town, church, court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义（某种行为）；

    go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital　 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)

三．冠词与形容词+名词结构: 

1) 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。

    He raises a black and a white cat.　 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。

    The black and the white cats are hers.　 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。

  2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。　  He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。

四．冠词位置: 

1) 不定冠词位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：　

    a. 位于下列形容词之后: such, what, many, half 等。例如：

     I have never seen such an animal.  Many a man is fit for the job.b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形   

容词之后：　　 It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.  So short a time.  Too long a distance.

c. quite, rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。例如： quite a lot 

    d.在as, though 引导的让步状语从句中,当表语为形容词修饰的名词时不定冠词放形容词后:Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 

他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。

      当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。

相 关 练 习 题

1. Look, Simon, ________ MP3 that I bought last year isn’t working properly.

  A. a    B. an    C. the    D. / 

2. —Sonia, do you know ________ new club in your school? 

—Of course, I’m one of its members.

  A. a    B. an    C. the    D. /

3. There is ________ apple in our school. 

  A. a    B. an    C. the    D. /

4.I looked under ________ table and found ________ pen I lost yesterday. 

  A. the, a    B. the, the    C. /, the    D. the, /

5. Look! There is ________ picture on the wall. How nice it is!

  A. a    B. an    C. the    D. / 

6. I think it’s ________ useful advice, so I will always remember it.

  A. a    B. an    C. the    D. / 

7. Jackie Chen is ________ great actor, I really like his movies.    

  A. a    B. an    C. the    D. / 

8. My brother asked me whether I could spare _________ few money. 

A. a    B. an    C. the    D. / 

9. No one knows ________ trouble I have seen. 

A. a    B. an    C. the    D. / 

10. Writing letters to ________ editor is not easy for all of us.

A. a    B. an    C. the    D. / 

11. I did my homework for ________ hour last night.

  A. a    B. an    C. the    D. / 

12. I was in ________ hospital because of my illness and many of my friends went to ________ hospital to see me. 

  A. /, the    B. a, the    C. the, /    D. /, a

13. People who love ________ peace don’t like World War Two.

  A. the     B. a    C. /    D. an 

语法专题    连词

一. 连词概说:

  1. 作用：用来连接词、短语或句子的词。

  2. 特点：属于虚词，在句中不重读，不能单独作句子成分。

二. 连词的种类:

  1. 并列连词：用来连接平行的词、词组或分句

    and, but, not only…but (also)…, whether…or not, as well as, both … and, for, or, otherwise… 

  2. 从属连词：用来引导从句

    after, when, where, if, because, as, since, as if, as though, though / although…

  3. 分词连词：supposing (假设)，provided (倘若)，considering (考虑到)

  4. 短语连词：as soon as, in order that, as long as…

三. 常用连词:

  1. 表示并列的连词：

and, both…and, either…or, neither…nor…, not only…but also… or, or else(否则,或者),     

otherwise(否则)   例如：

      Your father lives and works in Jinan.    

A man should have both courage and perseverance.

      It’s neither hot in summer, nor cold in winter.     

Hurry up, or else you’ll miss the last bus.

      Which do you prefer, fried chicken or fish?

    [注意]

      1) 在口语中，常用and连接两个动词表示目的， 相当于不定式。例如：Go and tell him.

      2) 在祈使句中，and前面的部分用来表示假设或条件。例如：Try again, and you’ll succeed.

  2. 表示意思转折的连词：but, however, nevertheless, yet… 例如：

     He worked hard, but he failed at last.    I’d like to go with you, however, my hand are full. 

     She failed many times, nevertheless, she went on with experiment.       

      她虽然失败了多次，然而她继续试验去。

     This is a glorious yet difficult task.这是一项光荣而艰巨的任务。

  3. 表示因果关系的连词：because, for, since, as (既然，因为),  therefore, so, etc.

1) as引导的从句表示明显为人所知的理由或不如句子其余部分重要，它一般放于句首，也可放在主句之后，常用语口语中，语气较because, since弱。

2) because语气最重,引导的原因一般回答why提出的问题,它是句子重心所在,一般位于   句子之后。

3) since与as意思相近，语气较as强，也较正式些，一般放在句末，也可放在句首。

 4) for是并列连词,所说明的原因只是一种补充说明,它引导的分句一般不能放在句首。例如： Mary was absent, because she was ill. 玛丽因病缺席。

 Give the baby to her, for she is the mother.

Since you’re ill, then you don’t have to go to school today.

 As all the seats were full, she had to stand there for 2 hours. 

 It must have been rained last night, for the ground is wet.

 Mother is busy, so I often help her.

 You don’t like her, nor / neither do I.

It rained, therefore the football match was postponed. 

4.其它常用连词：after, although, though, as （当…的时候，由于，按照）, as far as(就…), as…as…, before, in order that, till, until, unless, etc.例如：

 I arrived at the station after the rain had left.

 Although she was in poor health, she worked hard as everyone else.

 As far as we know, we shall visit the factory on Tuesday.

 She didn’t come back till very late.

 We all got up early, in order that we might start at 7.

 We run round the campus every morning, unless it rains.

 It rained before I finished my homework.

四. 连词用法正误巧辩

1. Though they were tired, but they kept on learning.

    →Though they were tired, (yet) they kept on learning.

      They were tired, but they kept on learning.

2. She studies very hard in order that she can succeed.

    → She studies very hard in order that she may succeed.

3. Neither he norＩare responsible for the accident.

    →Neither he nor I am responsible for the accident.

4. She is neither Korean nor Japanese. → She is not either Korean or Japanese.

5. Both he and I am wrong. → Both he and I are wrong.

6. You’ll catch a cold except you dress warmly.

    →You’ll catch a cold unless you dress warmly.

7. She is not so honest like you.  → She is not so honest as you.

8. The child prefers to go with his mother than stay here.

    →The child prefers to go with his mother rather than stay here.

语 法 练 习 题

一. Complete the sentences with proper words according to the given descriptions in the brackets.（根据括号中所给的单词释义，用适当的单词完成下列句子。）

1. Anderson goes a ______（to another country）for her holidays every year.

2. There is not much a ______（connected with farming）land in Hong Kong now.

3. Washington D.C. is the c______（the most important city of a country, where the government is）of the United States of America.

4. The king built many c_________（big buildings usually from hundreds of years ago which are very strong, to keep your enemies out）to control the country.

5. Rice and soya beans are main c______（plants grown for food or for a product）

6. What is the d______（the place which you are travelling to ）of that minibus ?It is going to Shanghai Stadium.

7. This umbrella e______（allows somebody to do something, makes able/ possible）me to stay dry in the rain.

8. There is a h_______（very big）amount of work still to be done.

9. Charlie Chaplin had a big i_______（effect, power to change someone’s ideas）on films.

10. Big Ben is one of the l_______（famous places, places which help you find your way if you are lost）on London’s skyline.

11. His n______（friendly or funny name ）is ‘Fatty’ because he always eats.

12. She is responsible for the organization in the London r______（area, part of a country ）.

13. This pen always r______（helps or makes someone remember something）me of Rome, because I bought it there.

14. The coach will take you through the most s_______（having good scenery and views, good to look at）parts of Beijing.

15. I shall remember that happy day f______（for all time, always）.

16. I o_______（said or showed that you would do or give something if another person wanted it ）to help her.

17. London has many a______（something that people like and feel interested in）, such as Big Ben and Buckingham Palace.

18. She is studying the c______（arts, ideas and way of life of a group of people ）of the American Indians.

二. 选词填空：

1.Sydney is our final ______（destination, departure）.

2. The _______（world, world’s ）population was about 1,700 million at the beginning of the twentieth century.

3. There is nothing ______（farther, further）to be said.

4. She was ______（amazed, amazing）that he could finish the work in only ten minutes.

5. Sally has been in china for five years, so she ______（has got used to, has used to ）the Chinese food.

6. What you said______（reminds, remembers ）me of last year.

?三. 完形填空：

Nearly everybody enjoys chicken, and the most famous name in chicken is Kentucky Fried Chicken. Mr Sanders, the man who started this ___1___ was not always very rich. At one time, he ___2___ a small gas station next to a highway（公路）. Many truck drivers ___3___ there to get gas and take a rest. Mr Sanders realized they were often ___4___, so he began serving sandwiches and coffee. ___5___ the sandwiches he made tasted good, and didn’t ___6___ too much, more and more ___7___ came to eat at his place. ___8___ Mr Sanders began to serve fried chicken. People ___9___ it very much, and his new business grew rapidly. Not long after, however, another highway was ___10___, and many drivers no longer went ___11___ Mr Sanders’ restaurant. So he had to ___12___ it. Then he traveled around the country ___13___ to sell his idea of opening fried chicken restaurants. He ___14___. By 1967, there were almost 5000 Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurants. And now, ___15___ you go in the United States, you will see one. If you like chicken, I’m sure, you’ll enjoy eating Kentucky Fried Chicken. 

1. A. business ?????????? B. shop ?????????????? C. life ??????????????????? D. search 

2. A. found ?????????????? B. worked ?????????? C. saw ????????????????? D. owned 

3. A. passed ????????????? B. got to ???????????? C. stopped ???????????? D. left 

4. A. late ????????????????? B. hungry ?????????? C. tired ????????????????? D. sick 

5. A. Although ?????????? B. If ?????????????????? C. As ???????????????????? D. Once 

6. A. need ???????????????? B. pay ??????????????? C. spend ??????????????? D. cost 

7. A. passengers ??????? B. drivers ??????????? C. students ??????????? D. doctors 

8. A. Then ??????????????? B. So ????????????????? C. But ?????????????????? D. For 

9. A. ate ?????????????????? B. liked ?????????????? C. tried ????????????????? D. drank 

10. A. appeared ???????? B. found ???????????? C. built ????????????????? D. broken 

11. A. out ???????????????? B. to ?????????????????? C. over ????????????????? D. on 

12. A. close ????????????? B. run ???????????????? C. return ??????????????? D. take 

13. A. trying ???????????? B. believing ???????? C. thinking ???????????? D. suggesting 

14. A. failed ????????????? B. fails ??????????????? C. succeeds ?????????? D. succeeded 

15. A. whenever ??????? B. wherever ??????? C. where ?????????????? D. when 

四. 阅读分析

（A）

“I don’t like my parents. They always tell me I should do this, and should not do that. It sometimes makes me angry，” said Zhang Hua，a middle school student in Guangzhou. Do you have the same problem? Perhaps your parents had the same problem when they were your age long ago. Why does it seem that some parents are not so friendly in their children’s eyes?

　　One of the biggest things is when someone becomes a parent，he/she likes worrying things. They worry about everything about you，from the time you were born. They do a lot for you，though something would make you angry，because they care about you and worry about you. They worry about your choice of friends，the food you eat，your work at school，how much sleep you get，etc. All these things are part of your life. They want you to grow up healthily and happily.

　　So how can you make things easier on yourself? It’s easier than you think. Just make sure your parents know what you’re doing. Get them to know your friends. Phone if you stay somewhere else so that your parents don’t call every hospital in the phone book looking for your body. Say sorry to them when you make mistakes. Take responsibility（责任）for what you have done. Talk about your ideas with them. They may talk about theirs with you.

　　Most of all，try to think about why your parents do this or do that. They are still practicing being parents and need help you can give them. Someday，when you become a parent，they may be able to help you how to get on with your children.

　1. The writer thinks we should _____ if we go back home later than usual.

A. tell our friends　B. tell the teacher

C. say sorry to our parents  D. make a telephone call to our parents 

　2. The writer thinks _____.

　　  A. it’s wrong of parents to worry about their children too much

　　  B. some parents are unfriendly, which makes their children angry

　　  C. children should do everything as their parents say

　　  D. parents love their children very much and the children should understand them 

　3. Which is the best title for the passage?

　　  A. Parents’ Responsibility

　　  B. How to Get on with Parents?

　　  C. Zhang Hua’s Problem

　　  D. What Are Parents Worrying about? 

（B）

The aim（目的）of students who came to school is to study. But to study requires（需要）a right way，or you waste either the time or the money. The following are the ways of studying.

　  The best time for reading is morning，because in the morning，the air is fresh and the mind is clear. For that reason，we can get good result（结果）.

In studying we must have patience（耐心）. If we have not known a text well，we must read it again. We should not read the next one till we have learned the first one.

　　When we are studying，we must put our hearts into the book，or we can get nothing from the book while we are reading.

　　We must always ask “whys”. If it is not well understood，write it down and ask our teachers or our parents，or friends. In any possible way，we must know it completely and what we’ve learned can be used well and made better.

　　Though there are many ways for studying，yet the above mentioned（提到的）will be quite enough if we can keep them in heart and do so.

　1. The passage tells us ______.

　　  A. the importance of reading　 B. to read in the morning

　　  C. to pay attention to the ways of studying    D. to have patience in studying 

　2. The passage has taught us ______ ways for studying.

　　  A. three　???????????? B. four　? ?????????? C. five　　??????????? D. many 

　3. We’d better read in the morning because ______.

　　  A. it’s easy to remember what we have learned　B. the air is fresh and the mind is clear

　　  C. it’s difficult to get good results   D. both A and B. 

　4. If we can’t put our hearts into the book when we read，it is ______.

　　  A. easy to understand it well

　　  B. better to get something from it

　　  C. impossible for us to get something from it

　　  D. possible to learn something from it 

　5. In studying we must always ask “whys” in order to ______.

　　  A. understand the book well

　　  B. write down the questions

　　  C. do with the new words

　　  D. get some questions to ask our teachers 

?【试题答案】

一. 1. abroad??? 2. agricultural?? 3. capital?? 4. castles?? 5. crops?? 6. destination????????? 

7. enables??? 8. huge??? 9. influence???? 10. landmarks???? 11. nickname???? 12. region?? 

13. reminds??? 14. scenic??? 15. forever??? 16. offered??? 17. attractions??? 18. culture

?二. 1. destination??? 2. world’s??? 3. further??? 4. amazed??? 5. has got used to

6. reminds

?三. 1~5 ADCBC ????????? 6~10 DBABC ????????????? 11~15 BAADB

?四. （A）1. D　　　2. D　　　3. B　 

（B）1. C　　　2. B 　　　3. B 　　　4. C 　　　5. A 　

 

课 后 测 试 题

一.选择最佳的答案：

1. ________ you are ill, you’d better go home earlier. 

  A. Before    B. After    C. Now that    D. Though

2. Those two boys look so ________ that I can’t tell from them.

  A. strange    B. young    C. familiar    D. similar

3. Young ladies really enjoy brands ________ Dior, Chanel.

  A. is like    B. such as    C. for example    D. the same as

4. Look, the trees and houses are ________ beautiful white snow. 

  A. covered with    B. famous for    C. familiar to    D. excellent for 

5. Our life is influenced by the advertisements ________.

  A. on the way    B. in many ways    C. by the way    D. under the way   

6. After the meeting, let’s go on _________ some cleaning. 

  A. doing    B. do    C. did    D. to do    

7. Our planet and star trips are full. Why not ________ to the moon? It’s cheaper.

  A. going    B. go    C. went    D. to go 

8. The ________ in the country area is the land, water or plants that you can see around. 

  A. scenery    B. scene    C. scenic    D. seeing

9. Try ________ at the back door if nobody ________ at the front door. 

  A. knocking; hears    B. to knock; hear    C. knock; hear    D. knocking; hearing 

10.I read ________ story. It is ________ interesting story. 

  A. a; an    B. a; a    C. the; the     D. /; an

11.Britain is ________ European country and China is ________ Asian country.

  A. an; an    B. a; a    C. a; an    D. an; a

12.________ China is _________ old country with ________ long history.

  A. The; an; a    B. The; a; a    C./ ; an; the    D. /; an; a

13. This is the book ________ you asked.  

  A. which    B. what    C. for which    D. for what  

14.If you don’t want to go ________, you can walk up the steps. 

  A. in lift    B. by lift    C. by lifts    D. on lift    

15.We hope college life will help him to ________.

  A. spreaded his wings    B. spread his wings    C. spread his wing    D. spread one wing

二.选择与划线部分意义表达相同的单词或词组：

A. landmark  B. scenic  C. enabled  D. provided  E. reminded  F. nickname

 



1. That old photo helped me to remember my childhood in Beijing.

2. The Lord and Lady Department Store is a national famous place in the USA.

3. Do you know the funny name of the Channel Tunnel which links Britain and France?

4. You can enjoy the pretty view from the top of Jinmao Mansion. 

5. Chinese government offered $5,000,000 to African countries last year. 

三.用动词的适当形式填空：

enable     catch     remind     paint     spread     build 



1. You can ________ the train from London to Paris.

2. The Eiffel Tower ________ every seven years.

3. This umbrella ________ me to stay dry in the rain.

4. This film always ________ me of my school life.

5. The castles ________ to keep the enemies out long ago.

四.按要求完成下列句子：

1. France offers many attractions to most of the tourists all over the world.（改为否定句）

  ________________________________________________________________________

2. Shall we drive to Hangzhou and have a visit? （保持原句不变）

  ________________________________________________________________________

3. Linda Smith thought about spending holidays in Germany. （对划线部分提问）

  ________________________________________________________________________

五.阅读理解：

When you are in England, you must be very careful in the streets because the traffic drivers on the left.

Before you cross the street, you must look to the right first and then the left.

If the traffic lights are green, the traffic can go. People on foot mustn’t cross.

In the morning and in the evening when people go to or come from work, the streets are very busy. The traffic is most dangerous then. 

When you go by bus in England, you have to be careful, too. Always remember the traffic moves on the left. So you must be careful. Have a look first or you will go the wrong way.

In many English cities, there are big buses with two floors. You can sit on the second floor. From there you can see the city very well. It’s very interesting.

1. The traffic in England ________ that in China.

  A. is the same with    B. is different from    C. is better than    D. is worse than

2. You can cross the road when ________.

  A. there is little traffic    B. the traffic lights are green    C. you’ve looked to the right 

  D. the traffic lights are red

3. When are there the most cars, buses and people in the streets?

  A. In the morning when people go to work.    B. At noon when people are having lunch.

  C. In the evening when people come back from work..    D. Both A and C.

4. If you ride a bicycle in England, you must go ________.

  A. on the left side of the road    B. on the right side of the road   C. in the middle of the road

  D. very fast

5. The visitors to English cities usually like to ________ when they go by bus.

  A. ride a bicycle    B. take a car   C. sit on the second floor    D. sit on the first floor  

六.选择正确的单词或短语完成短文：

There isn’t ____1____ who can control the weather in the world. But we can tell ____2____ the important changes in the weather will be like in the following day or two. That is ____3____ weather forecasting. ____4____ many countries and in all countries people have studied the weather and tried to make weather forecasting. 

Sometimes far away objects such as hills and tall trees seem to be very clear and near. This is a sign of ____5____ water vapour in the air, and then the rain will probably come.

Rings round the sun are a sign of coming rain.

If you see a rainbow in rainy weather, this is a sign that the weather will become clear and fine. Such rainbow always comes in the evening. If the stars twinkle ____6____ at night, then fine weather will come the next day. If a fog appears in the morning, just about sunrise, then the day will be warm. If the sunset is mostly red in colour, then the following day will be fine.

Most of the ____7____ sayings have been made by people who have used their eyes and brains to make weather forecasting.

1. A. someone    B. anyone    C. everyone    D. no one

2. A. how    B. why    C. what    D. when 

3. A. call    B. called    C. shout    D. said

4. A. For    B. On    C. At    D. About

5. A. many    B. few    C. much    D. little

6. A. clearly    B. clear    C. clean    D. cleanly 

7. A. over    B. above    C. below    D. under

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

上海版牛津英语  8B  第七章  学习辅导材料

学 习 新 词 语

pleased  adj.  高兴的；满意的   例如： 

    The teacher was very pleased to see his students again after being away from them for forty years.  老师在四十年以后和他的学生们重逢，非常高兴。

 【词组】：be pleased with （对……）感到高兴，满意   例如：

    My father is always not pleased with my grade at school.  

我父亲一直对我在学校的成绩不满意。

Everybody in his family seems to be pleased with the new house.  

他家每一个人看起来对新房子都很满意。

accept  v.  收受；接受；同意    例如：

I’ve received a gift from him, but I’m not going to accept it. 

我收到了他送的礼物，但是我不准备接受。

【词义辨析】：accept,  receive  

  1. accept 意思是“接受”,指经过考，由主管意志决定接受，动作者本身是主动的。例如：    

      He couldn’t accept our suggestions but our gifts.  

他不能接受我们的建议，但接受了我们的礼品。

  2. receive 意思是：“接到”，指收到某物这一动作，本身有一定的被动性，不包含本身是否愿意接受的意思。例如：

      He did not receive a good education at university.  他没有受过良好的大学教育。

 【同根词】：acceptor  n. 领受人；接受者    acceptance  n. 接受，承诺，赞同

             acceptable  adj. 可接受的

 【反义词】：reject  v.  拒绝接受    例如：

      The army doctors rejected him, would not accept him as medically fit.  

        军医们拒绝接收他，认为他身体不合格。

fair  adj.  平等待人的；公正的    例如：

    She is a good mother, for she always tries to be fair with all her children in the family. 

      她是个好妈妈，因为她总是尽量平等地对待家里的每一个孩子。

    It was not fair for him to get so little money.  他得到这么少的钱是不公平的。

 【反义词】： unfair   adj.  不公平的    例如：

      The government has passed laws to prevent unfair competition.  

政府已通过法律来防止不公平竞争。

patient  adj.  有耐心的    例如：

【同根词】：patient;  impatient;  patience 

1.patient  adj.  有耐心的, 例如：

She is so kind and always patient with those naughty children. 

她对这些淘气的孩子们是如此的和蔼，有耐心。

2.impatient  adj.  angry at having to wait 不耐烦地，急躁的，例如：

As a nursery teacher, you mustn’t be impatient with the children. 

作为幼儿园教师，你不该对孩子急躁。

She is becoming impatient.  她变得着急起来。

3. patience  n.  容忍；耐心，例如：

I have no patience with him again. 我对他不再有耐心了。

词组：

at work  在工作  例如：

 

They kept hard at work last week and went to the forest park for a barbecue to relax. 

  上星期忙碌了一周后，他们到森林公园烧烤，放松一下。

on one’s own  独立地 （近义词： alone  adv.  独自）      例如：

Li Ming has made many decisions on his own.  李明独自作出了许多决定。

(相当于 Li Ming has made many decisions alone.)

thank goodness  谢天谢地   例如：

Thank goodness! I didn’t lose my ticket. It’s in my pocket.  

谢天谢地！我的票没丢，在我口袋里。

feel like  想做某事    例如：

I am going make some coffee. Do you feel like a cup?  我要煮些咖啡，你要来一杯吗？

语法专题 一些代词的用法

one, ones的用法each，every的用法

other, the other, another, others, the others的用法名词性物主代词的用法

一. one的用法

  (1)one泛指“人们”，“一个人”，“任何人”。

  (2)泛指同类事物中的一个，用于代替句中或上文已出现过的可数名词单数，以避免重复。其    

    复数形式为ones。the one相当于that；the ones相当于those。

这样考过

  (2009·全国Ⅱ)The CDs are on sale！Buy one and you get ________ completely free.

    A. other   B. others   C. one   D. ones

  解析：句意：CD减价销售了！买一赠一。此处one用来替代a CD。

                                                                        答案：C

  (2008·郑州)Understanding the cultural habits of another nation，especially ________ containing as many different cultures as America，is a difficult thing.

    A. the one    B. one     C. it    D. either

解析：考查代词。句意：理解另一个国家的文化风俗，尤其是一个像美国那样包含多种文化的国家的文化风俗，是一件比较困难的事情。one表示承接前面已出现过的同种类的可数名词；承接同一个东西时用it。又因空格后为一非限定性定语，故one前不加the。

                                                                        答案：B

(3)one可以和this或that连用，但ones一般不能和these或those连用，除非ones前有形容词修饰。

二. each，every的用法区别

  (1)each指“每一个，每个”，后接单数可数名词。表示两个或两个以上，可以和of连用。

  (2)every指“每一个，每个”，后接单数可数名词。表示三个或三个以上，不可以和of连用。

  (3)every可以表示“每隔”，构成“every＋数词＋复数名词”、“every＋few＋复数名词”、“every     

    ＋other＋单数名词”等结构，each则没有这种用法。

  (4)each and every意为“每个”，修饰主语时，主语用可数名词单数，谓语动词用单数。

  (5)“each/every＋可数名词单数”作主语，谓语动词用单数。

这样考过

  (2009·绵阳诊断)Before going to the party，________ of us was given a ticket.

    A. everyone     B. each   C. every   D. all

解析：考查不定代词。根据句中的was可知不能选择all，我们中的每个人可以表示为each of us或every one of us。                                                                           

答案：B　　

三. other, the other, another, others, the others的用法

 词汇

  other

  the other

     another

   others

     the others



 词义

 另一个

 另一些 

 (两上中的)

  另一个 

   (三者或三者

  以上的) 另一个 

 别人，别

 的东西

    (某一范围内)

     其余的所有…… 



 指代

 泛指

   特指

     泛指

  泛指

       特指

    



注意：“any other＋名词单数”表示“(一个范围中的)其他任何一个”；“another＋数词＋复数可数名词”结构表示在原有的基础上需要更多数量的东西。 

这样考过

  (2009·北京朝阳区)Children，hold the bottle with your right hand. Tommy；you are not correct.   

    Please use your ________ hand.

    A. other   B. the other   C. another   D. the another

  解析：此题考查代词的用法。other其他的，the other两者中另一个，another没范围的另一个。Tommy，你不对，请用另一只手。此处用your other hand，如果没有your可用the other hand.

                                                                        答案：A

  (2009·湖南长郡中学)She thought there was ________ like it in any of the stores，and she had  

    turned all of them inside out.

    A. no other   B. not any   C. no more     D. no another

                                                                        答案：A

  (上海高考)No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of________.

    A. others    B. the other   C. either   D. another

解析：由句中的neither side可以知道谈判者为两者，两方之中另一方用the other表示。句意：由于双方都不愿接受对方的条件，此次贸易谈判未取得任何进展。

                                                                        答案：B

(2009·山东)I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldn't face ________ day like that.

    A. other   B. another    C. the other   D. others

解析：句意：昨天一整天我都感觉很糟糕，所以今天早晨我决定不能像那样面对另一天了。another泛指别的任何一天；other作定语，其前通常加some，several，one等限定词；the other强调两者中的另一个；others不作定语。

答案：B

(2008·湖南雅礼中学二模)Quite a few boys in our school like playing football in their spare time，though ________ prefer basketball.

    A. others   B. no one    C. everyone   D. the others

解析：others是other的复数形式，泛指“别的人或物”，但不是全部，不能作定语，可构成some...others...；the others是the other的复数形式，特指“全部其余的人或物”；no one表“没有人，谁也不”，只指人，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；everyone“每个人，人人”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。综上所述，只有A项符合题意。

                                                                        答案：A

四. 名词性物主代词的用法

  名词性物主代词作名词用，相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，因此后面不可再加名词。有   

  时与of连用，构成双重属格：a friend of mine我的一个朋友。

这样考过

  (2009·南昌模拟)Toys of the children today hardly bear any resemblance to ________ of ________    when we were little kids.

    A. that; ours   B. those; us    C. that; us     D. those; ours

解析：考查代词。句意：如今的孩子们的玩具几乎没有任何一点像我们小时候的玩具。                                答案：D

(2009·湖南长郡中学)I shall leave everything to him 

    during my absence.   After all，he is ________.

    A. one my friend   B. a friend of me    

    C. mine friend       D. a friend of mine      

                                                                        答案：D

课 后 练 习 题

Ⅰ.Write out the words according to the Chinese hints:

1. Many people believe that a _______ (葵花)always faces the sun. 

2. It’s cool and nice to walk on ________（绿树成荫的）streets on hot days.

3. Most of the people who have visited ________（巴黎）enjoy the romantic atmosphere there.

4. My cousin took me to almost every ________ (有吸引力的地方)in her city when I visited her last summer.  

5. At the ________（葡萄园）,we saw rows of grape vines and tasted different kinds of wine.

6. There’s a free piano _________（音乐会）at the theatre in downtown every Sunday. 

7. All the teachers and classmates like Judy because she is an ________ (诚实的) and ________(慷慨的）girl.

Ⅱ.Write out the words according to the meanings given in brackets and complete the sentences. The first letters have been given to you:

1. The mother told her boy to lock the door from inside when he was at home o______  h________ o________ (alone; not with other people).

2. How much does a ticket for an a________ (grown person) cost?

3. Most of us do not like Peter because we think he has a n________ (not wide) mind. 

4. The spectators（观众）gave a long cheer for the e________ (very good) goal made by the famous football player.  

5. If you go to visit Europe, you will be very surprised to see the ancient c________ (large strong building with high walls) which you can find in many countries there.

6. He doesn’t want to depend on other people------that’s much like his father. His father is the person who has most i________ ( effects, power to change someone’s ideas or something) on him.

7. It’s an international organization and it has offices t________ (in every part of) the world.

8. The little girl felt so s________ (afraid; frightened) that she burst into tears at once.

9. The father was c________ (quite angry), so he gave the boy some punishment.

10.After being r________ (refused to accept) for so many times in job hunting, David became very dsiappointed. 

Ⅲ. Read the sentences and write out the words with the help of the first letters:

1. This is Catherine’s first time to visit a foreign country. She has never been a________ before.

2. Soon after the school was moved away, a library was built on the s________ of it.

3. The two friends were very p________ to meet each other after about ten years.

4. It’s unnecessary to s________ him. It’s just a tiny mistake and he knows he has done wrong.

5. Stephanie Meyer, the a________ of a popular novel named Twilight, is said to be the second J. K. Rowling.

6. The doctor gave me some m________ but it was too bitter to take. 

7. It was g________ of her to donate so much money to the people in the earthquake-stricken area.

8. Helen enjoys c________ with her friends very much. They always have a lot to talk about.

9. After they decided to set up a homepage（主页）for their class, the students w________ o________ to discuss the details.

10.I have never been in d________ because I always obey all the school rules and behave well.

Ⅳ.Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms:

1. Of all the countries in Europe, many people think ________ is the most romantic one. (French)

2. Have you been to the Tower Bridge? It’s a famous ________ in the city of London. (attract)

3. The newly-built Changjiang tunnel-bridge ________ people in the city centre to get to Chongming Island in about one and a half hours. (able)

4. The ________ area in the middle of the country develops quickly and the farmers are living a better life now. (agriculture)

5. You must visit the mountain regions in that country, for the ________ views are really wonderful. (sence)

6. Which river is ________, the Yellow River or the Yangtze River? (narrow) 

7. The customer was not ________ with the service, so she had an argument with the waiter. (please)

8. It will be ________ if someone gets to know the topic before the oral test begins. (fair)

9. Chanel (香奈儿) is one of the ________ among the perfume brand. (lead)

10.Ms White never seems ________. She always answers every question carefully. (patient)

Ⅴ. Complete the sentences with the words or expressions in the box:

A

    wine      landmark    wheat    region    queen



1. Look! The farmers are busy collecting the ________ in the fields.

2. The ________ married the king five years ago and now they have a lovely princess.

3. Shanghai World Financial Centre, which is in Lujiazui, Pudong, is a new ________ of the city.

4. Most of the lakes are in the south-east ________ of the country.

5. It’s said that drinking some _______ every day is good for health.

B

     plank     verse     score     concern     pain



1. Have you read the poem yet? I don’t understand the second ________.

2. I’m much better today. Thank you for your ________.

3. The average ________ of the test is 81. Is yours higher or lower than it?

4. David didn’t go for the outing with his classmates because he had a ________ in the knee.

5. Father made the sailing boat with ________ by himself when he was young. 

C

     cheese     culture     level     call     crane



1. Many people go travelling in a foreign country because they want to experience a different ________.

2. Son after Mr Lin’s house caught fire, one of his neighbours made a phone ________for a fire engine.

3. What would you like in your burger, some beef or some________?

4. On the first ________ of that building, you can find a library and a canteen.

5. The workers used a _______ to lift the containers from the ship to the pier(码头).

D

    such as    for example    in some ways    at work



1. I’m afraid I cannot totally agree with you, though I know you are right ________.

2. This trip covers many famous European cities. ________, London will be first stop.

3. Although Mr Bright is a strict boss ________, he is a kind father at home.

4. I like playing sports ________ basketball, football.

Ⅵ. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the verbs in the box. The verbs can be used more than once:

A

     defeat       further       call        spread



1. Autumn is coming. Many birds ________ their wings and fly to warm places.

2. Everyone of the volleyball team felt very sad, for they ________ badly in the match yesterday.

3. Every morning, Mary has breakfast at home. She usually makes a drink and ________ some jam on her bread.

4. The teacher’s explanation ________ the students’ understanding of the text and helped them think more. 

5. Some people ________ the brain a living computer.

6. I’m sure you ________ the other players and win the 800-metre race at the sports meeting.

B

     pretend        express       cross      play



1. If you ________ the Huangpu River by ferry, you will see the views on both sides.

2. May like listening to music while her brother enjoys ________ chess.

3. The young actor was too excited to find any word ________ himself when he got the prize at the film festival.

4. April Fool’s Day is a time when people ________ jokes on each other.

5. Children love this game because they can ________ to be different people when they ________ it.

Ⅶ. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the expressions given in the box:

be pleased with  pay attention  go on  thank goodness  feel like



1. Li Ming ________ to study in the UK after he left high school in Shanghai.

2. The boy was very naughty in the school, so none of the teachers ________ what he did.

3. We finally finished the work together with some friends. ________ for their help!

4. It’s sunny and warm outside. Do you ________ a walk in the garden with me?

5. George never ________to what the teachers say in class, so he seldom gets good grades at school.

Ⅷ. Rewrite the sentences without changing their meanings:

1. Since the rain has stopped, let’s go to the supermarket.

   ________ ________ the rain has stopped, let’s go to the supermarket. 

2. There was a big argument outside, but he just continued working.

   There was a big argument outside, but he just ________ ________ working.

3. Little Maggie is the only child in the family. She always plays alone. 

   Little Maggie is the only child in the family. She always plays ________ ________ ________.

4. Gloria refused my invitation, which made me very sad.

   Gloria ________ ________ my invitation, which made me very sad.

5. The new mobile phone has become very popular all over the world.

   The new mobile phone has become very popular________ ________ the world.

6. Many fans went to the concert at Shanghai Grand Stage held by the band known all around the world.

   Many fans went to the concert at Shanghai Grand Stage held by the ________ band.

7. Can we do some indoor activities like playing chess? I don’t want to go out today.

   Can we do some indoor activities like playing chess? I don’t ________ going out today.

Ⅸ. Complete the sentences according to the Chinese in brackets:

1. If you are thinking about ________________ （去国外过暑假）,why not ________________（展翅远赴法国呢）？

2. Paris is ________________(最受欢迎的旅游目的地之一) in the world.

3. If you want to ________________ （继续去往英国观光）, you can now do it ________________ （不用坐飞机或乘渡轮）.

4. The Channel Tunnel ________________ （使你能坐火车从巴黎到伦敦）in about three hours.

5. The centre of France is a big, agricultural region, ________________ （种植小麦和向日葵之类的农作物）.

6. In Loire Valley, you can visit the old castles in which ________________(法国国王和王后曾经居住).

7. Some bakeries in the city ________________（供应法式面包和蛋糕）.

8. One day, I saw my dad ________________ （在建筑工地工作）.

9. Miss Li told us to write a poem for our homework, so I _______________ (独立写下了这些诗节) and hope she will ________________（对我满意）.

10.Mr Black was my teacher in primary school. He never ________________ （ 在上课时训斥学生）and ________________（放学后将他们留下）.

Ⅹ. Fill in the blanks with proper words according to the text. The first letters have been given to you:

1. Paris is the c________ of France. It is a very popular tourist d________. The Eiffel Tower and Arc de Triomphe are world-famous l________ in the city. Euro Disney, which is just an hour away from the centre of Paris, offers many of the same a________ as the Disney parks in the USA. You can also go on to visit Britain. The Channel Tunnel links France and Britain and e________ people to travel to London by train conveniently.

  I the big a________ region in the centre of France, you can see crops such as w________ and sunflowers and many vineyards where farmers grow grapes to make e________ French wine. The Loire Valley is one of the most s________ areas. There you can visit the old c________ in which the kings and queens of France o live.

 France has i________ on our city in some way. Brandy, wine, c________ and other French products and popular. France leads in art and c________ too. That’s why many young students f________ their studies in the country. And every year t________ the world, French film festivals, exhibitions and c________ are organized.